g]kfnL hgtfsf] dxfg
hgo'4nfO{ ;+jf]wg gul/ ;fdGtL b/jf/
/ k|d'v ;+;bjfbL bnx?sf] ;+emf}tf
u/fPklg b]zdf ljBdfg ;+s6 h:tfsf] t:t} /xg] s'/f :ki6 5 . — s=lxtaxfb'/ tfdfª
s=lxtaxfb'/
tfdfª, cWoIf, tfdfª /fli6«o d'lQm df]rf{, g]kfn
;+u hgfb]zn] lnPsf] cGtµaftf{ ———
! = s=cWoIf
b]zsf] jt{dfg /fhg}lts
kl/:yLltaf/] ;+lIfKt ?kdf k|sfz kfl/lbg'x'G5 sL <
pQ/
M– lxGb' pRr hftLo cx+sf/jfb
-jf|xd0fjfb_ df cfwfl/t sl/a c9fO ;o jif{ k'/fgf] ;fdGtL /fHo;Qfsf]
Wj+; / hgjfbdf cfwfl/t hgtfsf] gof“ /fHo;Qfsf] lgdf{0fsf] k|ls|of cToGt uf}/jzfnL
/ r"gf}tLk"0f{ If0faf6 u'h|g'g}
cfhsf] g]kfnL /fhgLltsf] d"n dd{ xf] . d/0ffzGg k'/fgf] ;fdGtL
;Qfsf] cfo' nDAofpg ljZj ;fd|fHojfbsf
gfOs]x?;Ddsf] sz/t Psflt/ / P]ltxfl;s?kn] cjZoefjL ljhosfnflu hg;d'bfosf] ltj| Pj+ 3lge"t alnbfgL ;+3if{ csf{lt/sf aLrdf clGtd
/ lg0ff{os ;+3if{sf] s|dg} jt{dfg
/fgLltsf] ljz]iftf xf] .
@ = dxfg
hgo'4 cf7 jif{ k"/fu/L gjf}+
jif{df k|j]z
ul/;s]sf] 5 . o; larsf pknAwLx?nfO{ s;/L d'NofÍg ug'{ePsf]
5 / o;df hghfltx?sf] ;xeflutf / ltlgx?sf] d'n k|j[ltaf/]
klg :ki6 kfl/lbg' x'G5ls
<
pQ/ M–
cf7 jif{sf] dxfg hgo'4n] @!cf}+ ztflAbdf ;fdGtjfb / ;fd|fHojfbsf lj?4 ;j{xf/f qmflGtsf] cho em08fsf] uf}/jzfnL :yfg
xflzn ug{ ;kmn x'g' o;sf]
;jf{lws dxTjk"0f{ pknlAw xf] . b]zsf ;Dk"0f{ u|fld0f Onfsfaf6 ;fdGtL
;Qfsf cfly{s, /fhg}lts / ;f“:s[lts h/fx? pv]n]/
hgtfsf hgjfbL ;Qfx?sf] cEof; cufl8 cfpg' cfkm}df
hgo'4sf] b'/ufdL P]ltxfl;s pknlAw xf] . xltof/
;]gfdfly ;fdGtL tTjx?sf] Psflwsf/nfO{ tf]8]/ hgtfsf] cfkm}g} ;]gfsf?kdf hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] ljsf; x'g' hgo'4sf] csf]{ P]ltxfl;s pknlAw xf] .
hgo'4sf oL dxfg
pknlAwx?sf k5fl8 k'/fgf] ;fdGtL ;Qfåf/f pTkLl8t ju{, hftL, lnË
/ If]qsf hg;d'bfosf] Tofu, tk:of / alnbfgsf] ;d"lrt e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 .
# = ;fdfGtL
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxfsf] slyt /fHo Plss/0f kl5 tfdfª, g]jf/ / cGo sltko
hghfltx?nfO{ s]xL bzs cl3 ;Dd ;}Go ;]jfdf k"0f{ k|ltjGb nufPsf] lyof] . clxn] hgd'lQm
;]gfdf hghfltx? g} cToflws ;Vof /x]sf] kfOG5 o;/L leGg leGg b[li6n] x]g'{sf] sf/0f af/] s cWoIfsf] wf/0ff :ki6 kfl/lbg'x'G5 ls
<
pQ/ M– k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxsf] /fHo lj:tf/
lxGb' ;fdGtL pRr hftLo cx+sf/jfbdf
cfwfl/t lyof] . To;sf] yf]/}klg
k|lt/f]w jf cfjfh p7fpg] hftL, efiff / ;+:s[ltsf hg;d'bfodfly ;fd, bfd, b08, e]b;lxt lgdd{tfk"j{s bdg, cTofrf/ ug'{
p;sf] rl/q xf] . olx ju{
rl/q cg';f/ s]Gb|Lt ;fdGtL /fHo;Qfn]
b]zdf ljBdfg ax'hftLo, ax'wfld{s, ax'eflifs / ax';f“:s[lts ljz]iftfnfO{
ank"j{s s"Nr+b} lxGb' pRr hftLo,
wd{, efiff / ;+:s[ltnfO{dfq yf]kg]{ sfd
ub}{ cfof] . To; k|sf/sf] ;fdGtL p4]Zodf jfwf k'¥ofpg
hdsf]{ ug]{ hftLo / eflifs ;d'bfosf hgtfnfO{ /fHo;Qfsf] d'Vo c+u ;]gf / gf]s/zfxLtGqaf6
cnu–ynu /fVg] sfd k'/fgf]
;Qfn] clxn]klg ul//x]sf]
5 . dB]zL hg;d'bfodfly p;n] cKgfpb} cfPsf]
;f}t]nf] Jojxf/ To;sf] HjnGt pbfx/0f xf] .
dxfg
hgo'4, hgd'lQm ;]gf / gof“ hg;Qfx? k'/fgf] ;fdGtL ;Qfsf]
Tolx e]befj, zf]if0f / cTofrf/sf lj?4 pTkLl8t ju{, hftL, If]q / lnËsf hg;d'bfosf] P]ltxfl;s ljb|f]xsf]
kl/0ffd ePsfn] o:tf] ;]gf / ;Qfdf pTkLl8t hftLx?sf] afx'No /xg' ;j{yf :jefljs
5 . hgo'4n] ;fdGtL lg/+s'ztGqsf
cfwf/df cGofok"j{s ul/Psf] slyt PsLs/0fnfO{ eTsfP/ cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ / :jzf;gsf] sfo{s|d;lxt k"0f{ hgjfbL cfwf/df gof“ / dha't /fli6«o Pstf v8f ug]{ :ki6 nIo ls6fg u/]sf] 5 . To;sf/0f hgd'lQm ;]gf / gof“ hg;Qfx?df k'/fgf] ;fdGtL ;Qfsf]
7Ls pN6f] ;+/rgfsf] ljsf; x'g' ;fdGtL lg/+s'ztGq
/ hgtfsf] hgjfbsf aLrsf] ju{–b[li6df /x]sf] k/:k/ lje]bsf]
cleJolQm xf] .
$ = g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_n] klg
;}Go df]rf{df hlt dxTjsf
;fy hghfltx?nfO{ :yfg lbPsf] 5 . kf6L{ Pj+ cGo df]rf{ / lglt lgdf{0f
txdf Tolt dxTjk"0f{ :yfg lbb}gg\
eGg]x? klg 5g\ lg o;jf/] s] eGg'
x'G5 <
pQ/
M– g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ s'g}
hftLo ;+u7g jf ;+o'Qm df]rf{
geP/ g]kfnL ;j{xf/f ju{sf]
/fhg}lts cu|b:tf xf] . ctM
kf6L{n] s'g} hftLo, eflifs jf ;f“:s[ltsf] k|ltlglwTj gu/]/ ;j{xf/f ju{sf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . ;j{xf/f ju{sf] ljrf/sf]
g]t[Tjdf rNg] hgd'lQm ;]gf / gof“ hg;Qfx? eg]
df]rf{ ;+u7gx? x'g h;n] hgjfbL
qmflGtsfndf ;fdGtjfb / ;fd|Hojfb lj/f]wL
hgtfsf] ;+o'Qm df]rf{sf]
e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf x'G5g\ . o;} j}1flgs dfGotf cg';f/ g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ n] ;]gfdf dfq xf]Og gof“ hg;Qfdf
;d]t pTkLl8t hftLx?sf] l:yltnfO{
dha't kfg]{ s'/fnfO{ k|f/Deb]lvg}
;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 .
g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ n] cfkm\gf] k+lQmleq hghftL nufot ;a} hftLaf6 ljsl;t sDo'lgi6
qmflGtsf/Lx?nfO{ Pstfa4 ub}{
cfPsf] 5 . ;j{xf/fjfbL ljrf/sf cfwf/df g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_
df ;a} hftLaf6 ljsl;t ;Rrf sDo'lgi6x?sf] h'g k+lQm tof/ ePsf]
5, To;}sf] kl/0ffd g} p;n]
b]zdf tdfd pTkLl8t ju{ hftL, If]q / lnËsf hg;d'bfosf] ljb|f]xsf] g]t[Tj ug{ ;kmn
eO/x]sf] tYonfO{ xfdL ;a}n]] u+eL/tfk"j{s cfTd;ft ug{ h?/L 5 . g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ n] cfkm\gf]
k+lQm leq s'g} vf; hftLnfO{
dxTj lbg] / csf]{ s'g} vf;
hftLnfO{ dxTj glbg] eGg] s'/f ;j{yf tYolxg s'/f xf] .
% = dxfg
hgo'4 /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0f, z;:q
ljb|f]xsf] tof/Ldf k|j]z u/]sf] :yLltdf k'/fgf] ;Qf;+usf] jftf{ / ;+;bjfbLbnx? ;+u} ;+o'Qm cfGbf]ngsf]
s'/f klg ul//xg' ePsf] 5 . lt k/:k/
lj/f]wL s'/f ePgg\ / < xf]Og eg] s;/L ;Dej
5 <
pQ/ M– dxfg g]kfnL
hgo'4 lgZrog} cfkm\gf] ljsf; k|ls|ofdf clxn] /0fg}lts k|Tofs|d0fdf k|j]zsf] ;+3f/df cfOk'u]sf] 5 . hgo'4sf] ljsf;sf] of] r/0fdf k'/fgf] ;Qf;+u ;+efljt jftf{
/ ljleGg ;+;bjfbL /fhg}lts bnx?;+u
;xsfo{ / ;+o'Qm cfGbf]ngsf] s/f k/:k/ lj/f]wL s'/f geP/
cfd ljb|f]xsf] tof/Lsf]nflu
7f]; kl/l:yltsf] 7f]; ljZn]if0fdf
cfwfl/t kl/k'/s s'/fx? x'g .
^ = clxn]
PSsf;L nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] s'/f yfNg' ePsf] 5 o;nfO{ hgjfbL u0ftGqsf] k|of{jflrsf] cy{df eGg'ePsf] xf] ls < jf cfGbf]ngsf] r/0f / lbzfsf] lx;fjn] g} leGg :yLltaf/] atfpg' vf]Hg' ePsf] xf]
:ki6 kfl/lbg'x'G5 ls <
pQ/ M– xfd|f] kf6L{n] klxn] b]lvg} ;du| cGt/f{li6«o
/ /fli6«o kl/l:yltsf] ljZn]if0fsf
cfwf/df g]kfnL hgjfbL qmflGtnfO{ ;kmntf;Dd 8f]¥ofpg uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng, cGtl/d ;/sf/
/ ;+ljwfg–;ef dfkm{t u0ftGqsf] pkr/0f eP/ cufl8
a9\g' kg]{ s'/f :ki6 ub}{ cfPsf]
5 . clxn] elgPsf] nf]stflGqs
u0ftGqsf] s'/f gof“ hgjfbL
u0ftGqsf] kof{ojfrL geP/ Tolx pkr/0fsf] s'/f xf] . g]kfndf ljBdfg
lg/+s'z ;fdGtL /fhtGqsf lj?4 a'h'jf{ u0ftGqsf kIfw/ ;a} zlQm;+u ;+o'Qm–df]rf{
sfod ug]{ gf/f / sfo{s|dsf?kdf
xfd|f] kf6L{n] ljut jftf{ cjlwdf g} To;k|sf/sf] pkr/0fsf] ;fdGo vfsf k|:t't ul/;s]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ljlzi6 ;Gbe{df a'h'jf{
k|hftGqsf] k"0f{tfsf?kdf
u0ftGqsf] :yfkgfn] ;j{xf/f ju{sfnflu hgu0ftGq k|flKtsf] cfkm\gf] /0fg}lts nIodf k'Ug
/fd|f] j}1flgs cfwf/ k|fKt x'g] s'/fdf
xfd|f] kf6L{ ljZj:t 5 .
/0fgLlt / sfo{gLltx?sf aLrsf] 4GbfTds ;DaGwnfO{ gof“ :t/af6 ;+rfng ug]{ ;Gbe{df
;d]t o;nfO{ a'em\g ;lsG5 .
& = s]lx
xKtf cufl8 kfl6{sf] al/i7
g]tf s=ls/0f-df]xg j}B_nfO{ efl/lto ;/sf/n] lu/tf/ u¥of] . To;nfO{ ;fdflGt b/jf/n] / ef/lto ;/sf/n] u/]s]f ;f}bfaflhsf] kl/0ffd :j?k lnPsf] 5 To;jfx]s cGo sf/0f klg x'g
;Sg]eof] gL <
pQ/ M– xfd|f] kf6L{sf] :yfoL ;ldltsf al/i7 ;b:o s= df]xg
a}B -ls/0f_ sf] ef/tdf ePsf] lu/km\tf/Ln] lglZrt?kdf xfdLnfO{ w]/} kIfdfly ljrf/ ug'{
kg]{ u+eL/ ;as l;sfPsf] 5 .
clxn];Ddsf] cWoog / ljZn]if0fn] ;f] lu/km\tf/L ;fdGtL b/jf/ / ef/tLo zf;s
ju{sf aLrdf
rln/x]sf] ;f“7uf“7 / ;f}bfafhLsf] kl/0ffd xf] eGg] s'/fnfOg} :ki6 u/]sf] 5 .
* = s=ls/0f-df]xg j}B_ sf]
lu/tfl/ / kf“r ;+;bjfbL bnx?sf] cfGbf]ngsf] gof“ult kl5 cGt{/fli6«o /fhlglt ;DjGwdf km]l/ jbn ePsf] 5 ls <
pQ/ M–
of] kl/36gfkl5 cd]l/sf / ef/t h:tf
ljb]zL zlQm
s]Gb|x? ;+;bjfbL /fhg}lts bn
/ ;fdGtL b/jf/sf aLrdf ;+emf}tf
u/fpg ljz]if hf]8 nufO/x]sf]
b]lvG5 . o;k|sf/sf\ hf]8 g]kfnL hgtfsf] kl/jt{g,
zflGt / k|ultsf] cfs+Iffsf lj?4 gof“ if8oGqsf?kdf
cufl8 cfO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL hgtfsf] dxfg
hgo'4nfO{ ;+jf]wg gul/ ;fdGtL b/jf/
/ k|d'v ;+;bjfbL bnx?sf] ;+emf}tf
u/fPklg b]zdf ljBdfg ;+s6 h:tfsf] t:t} /xg] s'/f :ki6 5 .
( = cGtt
cfd z;:q ljb|f]x gul/ lg/+s'z
/fhtGqsf] cGt / hgtfx?sf] k"0f{ d'lQmsf] ;Dej b]lvb}g . cfd
z;:q ljb|f]xdf k'/fgf] ;Qfsf]
/fhwflg jl/kl/ /x]sf] tfdfªx?sf] e'ldsf s:tf] /xg'k5{ elg v'n:y kfl/lbg'x'G5 ls <
pQ/ M– cfkm'dfly k'/fgf] ;Qfn] ;of}+ jif{b]lv rnf“pb} cfPsf]
zf]if0f–cTofrf/ Pj+ /fhwfgL jl/kl/sf]
ef}uf]lns
cjl:yltsfsf/0f g]kfnL hgjfbL
qmflGtsf] k"0f{tfdf tfdfË hg;d'bfosf] ljlzi6 /0fg}lts e"ldsf /xg] 5 .