a]nfavtsf s'/f

jftf{sf ;Defjgf / r'gf}ltx?

k'/fgf] / gof“ ;Qfsf k|ltlglwx?aLr oxL a}zfv @^ ut] bf];|f] r/0fsf] cf}krfl/s jftf{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . of] r/0fsf] jftf{ d"ntM e"tsf] Joj:yfkg / låkIfLo ljZj;gLo jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0fsf] k|Zgdf g} s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 / clxn];Dd åGåsf] s]Gb|Lo k|Zg /fhg}lts Ph]08fdfly 5nkmn g} ;'? ePsf] 5}g . km]l/ klg s]xL j[Qdf clxn]b]lv g} …hLtÚ / …xf/Ú sf] rrf{ ;'? ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 / To;af/] lhDd]jf/ kIfx?n] a]n}df ;ts{tf ckgfpg' h?/L ePsf] 5 .

;j{k|yd s] s'/fdf ;a}sf] Wofg s]lGb|t x'g' h?/L 5 eg] clxn]sf] jftf{–k|s/0f b'a} kIfn] k|s6 jf ck|s6 ?kdf :jLsf/]em}+ /0fg}lts ;Gt'ng (strategic equilibrium) sf] cleJolQm xf] / Pp6fn] csf]{ kIfdfly lg0ff{os ljho xfl;n ul/;s]sf] cj:yfsf] ;"rs xf]Og . To;}n] jftf{sf] of] k|f/lDes r/0fdf dfq xf]Og clGtd r/0fdf k'Ubf klg Pp6fn] csf]{ kIfdfly lg0ff{os hLt k|fKt ug]{ xf]Og ls b'a} kIfn] s]xL hLt / s]xL xf/ :jLsf/]/ b'a} kIfnfO{ dfGo x'g] aLrsf] ;Demf}tf k|fKt ug]{ xf] . jftf{ eg]sf] jf:tjdf …hLt jf xf/Ú geP/ …n]g / b]gÚ ug]{ k|lqmof dfq xf] . of] l:yltdf s;}n] klg clxn] g} Pp6fsf] xf/ / csf]{sf] hLtsf] s'/f ug'{ ;do;fk]If / pko'Qm gx'g] dfq xf]Og ls gf]S;fgbfoL / hf]lvdk"0f{ ;d]t x'G5 .

o'4lj/fd ePsf] ;f9] tLg dlxgf lalt;Sbf klg jftf{sf] lglDt Go"gtd\ ljZj;gLo jftfj/0f aGg g;s]sf] s'/f ;a}nfO{ cjut g} 5 . o;sf] lglDt h'g;'s} sf/0f k|d'v eP klg k'/fgf] ;QfkIfn] cfkm\gf] e"ldsf 7Ls;“u glgefPsf] / cfn6fn] gLlt clVtof/ ul//x]sf] :jtM :ki6 5 . o'4lj/fdsf] d"n ;f/tTj eg]sf] b'a} kIfsf] ;z:q an cf–cfkm\gf] lgoGq0f / k|efjsf] If]qdf ;Lldt /xg] / lj/fdsf] cjlwe/ s'g} ;z:q sfjf{xLdf ;+nUg gx'g] xf] .. To;sf] ljk/Lt k'/fgf] ;QfkIfsf] zfxL ;]gfn] clxn];Dd klg hg;Qf :yfkgf ePsf Onfsfx?df ljleGg axfgfdf cltqmd0f ul//x]sf] / cf]vn9'+uf nufotsf :yfgx?df hgd'lQm ;]gfdfly cfqmd0f u/]/ o'4lj/fdsf] 7f8f] pNn+3g u/]sf] tYo ;'ljlbt} 5 . ;fy} zfxL ;]gfn] b]zsf ljleGg cfGtl/s e"–efux?df clxn];Dd klg cfktsfn 3f]if0ffsf] a]nfdf em}+ cfkm\gf cgflws[t xs{tx? hf/L /fv]sf] / cgfjZos vfgtnf;L / w/ks8 u/]/ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ b'Mv lbO/x]sf] hf]–s;}n] b]lv/x]sf] 5 .. of] l:yltdf o'4lj/fdsf] Go"gtd\ cg'e"lt ug{–u/fpg / jftf{sf] lglDt cfjZos ljZj;gLo jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ zfxL ;]gf cfktsfn 3f]if0ff k"j{sf] cj:yfdf em}+ cfkm\gf] Aof/]sdf kms{g' ljNs'n :jfefljs s'/f xf] . km]l/ klg 8]9 jif{b]lvsf] zfxL ;]gf / hgd'lQm ;]gfaLrsf] 6Ss/n] pTkGg u/]sf] ltQmtf / cfz+sfsf] l:yltnfO{ qmdzM cGTo ub}{ hfg zfxL ;]gfn] cfkm\gf] :yfoL Aof/]sb]lv % ls=dL=sf] k]l/ld6/leq cfjZos u:tL ug{ ;Sg] egL bf];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{df ;xdlt sfod ePsf] xf] .. of] ljNs'n ;fdfGo / :jfefljs s'/fnfO{ ;d]t c:jfefljs / /x:odo 9+un] p5fn]/ zfxL ;]gfnfO{ yk pQ]lht kfg]{ h'g sf]l;; s]xL ;+lbUw j[Qaf6 eO/x]sf] 5 To;nfO{ ;a} zflGtsfdL g]kfnLx?n] uDeL/tfk"j{s lng'kg]{ ePsf] 5 .

cflv/ cfktsfnk"j{sf] cj:yfdf zfxL ;]gf Aof/]sleq /x]/ cfkm\gf ;a} lgoldt sfo{ ug{ ;SbYof] eg] clxn] rflx+ Aof/]sdf a:bf zfxL ;]gfsf] …dfgdb{gÚ x'g] jf …/fli6«o ;fj{ef}ldstf vt/fdf kg]{Ú s'/f s;/L cfof] < of] jf:tljs s'/f ga'em]sf] e|dsf] cleJolQm dfq xf] ls hfgLa'emL zflGtjftf{ ef“8\g] lgof]lht b'ik|of; xf] < clxn] bf];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{df zfxL ;]gfsf] xs{tnfO{ % ls=dL= sf] k]l/ld6/df ;Lldt /fVg] eg]sf] cfGtl/s åGånfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;Gbe{df dfq} xf] aflx/L ;Ldf ;'/Iff ug]{ cy{df lsdfy{ xf]Og eGg] :jtM :ki6 x'g'kg]{ xf]Og / < @@– a'“b] cfrf/;+lxtfsf] bf];|f] a'“bfdf …/fli6«o lxtk|lt ;+j]bgzLn /x“b} /fli6«o dxŒjsf ljifodf lg0f{o ubf{ ;j{;Ddlt sfod ug{ sf]l;; ug]{Ú elgPaf6 afx\o cfqmd0f h:tf] /fli6«o lxtsf] ;+j]bgzLn k|Zgdf zfxL ;]gfsf] xs{tnfO{ ;Lldt ug]{ xf]Og hgd'lQm ;]gf Tof] eGbf bz sbd cufl8 a9]/ /fli6«o :jfwLgtf /Iff ug{ sf“wdf sf“w ldnfP/ o'4df xf]ldg]5 eGg] ;xh} a'em\g ;lsg] s'/f xf]Og / < of] ljifonfO{ zfxL ;]gfsf] k]l/ld6/ % ls=dL= eGg'eGbf hgd'lQm ;]gf % ls=dL= leq hfg gkfpg] eg]/ a'em\bf s] x'G5 < t}klg bf];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{df o'4lj/fdnfO{ ;fy{s kfg{ zfxL ;]gf / hgd'lQm ;]gf b'a} cf–cfkm\gf Onfsfdf ;Lldt /x]/ Ps–csf{k|lt cfqmfds ultljlw gug]{ eGg] s'/fdf ;xdt x'g' h:tf] c;fWo} :jfefljs, cjZoDefjL / :jfutof]Uo s'/fnfO{ aª\UofP/ zfxL ;]gfnfO{ pQ]lht kfg]{ / zflGtjftf{ ef“8\g] h'g lgof]lht k|of; s]xL :jfyL{ tŒjx?af6 eO/x]5 To;nfO{ a]n}df e08fkmf]/ u/]/ lgikmn kfg'{ clxn] Psbd h?/L ePsf] 5 . cGoyf jftf{–k|lqmof cl3 a9\g ;Sb}g / To;n] b]zdf s'g eofjx l:yltsf] l;h{gf ug]{5 To;af/] a]n}df x]Ssf /fVg' pko'Qm x'g]5 .

o'4lj/fd / cfrf/;+lxtf;DaGwL a'emfO{ / JofVofdf Ps?ktf gcfpgfn] klg olta]nf jftf{–k|lqmofdf s]xL ;d:ofx? k}bf eO/x]5g\ . o'4lj/fd / cfrf/;+lxtfsf] d"n dd{ g} of] cjlwdf b'a} kIfsf ;]gf / ultljlw cf–cfkm\gf Onfsfdf ;Lldt /xg] / csf]{sf] Onfsfdf cltqmd0f gug]{ xf] .olb Pp6f jf csf]{ axfgfdf Ps kIfsf] ;]gf csf]{ kIf lgolGqt Onfsfdf k|j]z u/]/ 5b\d jf v'nf ultljlw ug]{ xf] eg] o'4lj/fd / jftf{sf] s'g} cy{ /xGg .. k/Gt' zfxL ;]gfn] s]xL ;do otf /f]Nkf, ?s'd, ;Nofg nufotsf lhNnfx?df …:jf:Yo lzlj/Ú ;~rfng ug]{ lgx'“df hgd'lQm ;]gf lgolGqt Onfsfx?df 3';k}7 ug]{ / cGt/Wj+z dRrfpg] h'g xs{t ul//x]5 Tof] cfrf/;+lxtfsf] v'Nnf pNn+3g dfq xf]Og jftf{–k|lqmofnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kfg]{ pQ]hgfk"0f{ xs{t xf] . lsgls cfrf/;+lxtfsf] a'“bf g+= $ df plNnlvt …;+j]bgzLn Onfsfx?df Ps–csf{nfO{ pQ]lht kfg]{ vfnsf ultljlw gug]{Ú eGg] egfOsf] Tof] gf+uf] pNn+3g xf] . olb To;/L g} ef]ln hgd'lQm ;]gfn] sDAof6 8«]; / /fOkmn;lxt 6'“l8v]nsf] v'Nnf d~r jf l;+xb/af/ cufl8 …:jf:Yo lzlj/Ú ;~rfng ug{ vf]Hof] eg] s] x'G5 < To:tf] Ps–csf{nfO{ pQ]lht kfg]{ vfnsf ultljlw ;~rfng ub}{ /xg] xf] eg] jftf{ lglDt ljZj;gLo jftfj/0f aGb}g / jftf{af6 ;sf/fTds lgsf; lg:sg] ;Defjgf emg\ IfL0f /xG5 . o;af/] zfxL ;]gfsf ;~rfnsx?n] uDeL/tfk"j{s Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 .

csf]{ uDeL/ s'/f em08} lbglbg} h;f] ;fgf]eGbf ;fgf] s'/fdf zfxL ;]gfn] jQmJojfhL ug]{ sfo{ xf] . x'g t of] k'/fgf] ;QfkIfsf] cfGtl/s dfdnf x'gfn] To;sf] ?k kIfaf/] xfdLn] plt rf;f] /fVg'kg]{ s'/f xf]Og, t/ To;sf] ;f/ kIfn] jftf{–k|lqmofnfO{ uDeL/ c;/ kfg{ ;S5 . vf;u/L /fhfsf] ljifodf s;}n] l6Kk0fL u¥of] eg] To;sf] k|ltjfb ug]{ lgsfo c? sf]xL geP/ zfxL ;]gf / /Iff dGqfno aGg k'Ug'n] s] ;+s]t ub{5 < o;sf] cy{ t /fhfsf] /Ifs zfxL ;]gf / /Iff dGqfnoafx]s c? sf]xL /x]g5 eGg] x'Gg / < s] To;/L /fhf / /fhtGqsf] /Iff x'g ;Sb5 < of] k'/fgf ;Qfsf ;~rfnsx?sf] 6fpsf] b'MvfOsf] s'/f eP klg o;n] b]zdf ck|ToIf ?kdf kmf}hL zf;g /x“b} cfPsf] k'li6 ub{5 / eljiodf k|ToIf kmf}hL zf;gsf] ;Defjgfsf] ;+s]t ub{5 . s]xL ;do otfsf cd]l/sL /fhb"t / /fhb"tfjf;sf cleJolQm / lqmofsnfkx? tyf tL;“u ldNbfh'Nbf zfxL ;]gfsf] Pp6f k|efjzfnL v]dfsf ultljlw / egfOx? x]bf{ b]zdf s'g} 7"n} clgi6sf] emNsf] ldNb5 .. olb To;f] eof] eg] To;n] jftf{nfO{ uDeL/ c;/ kfg]{ / cu|ufdL /fhg}lts lgsf;sf] ;DefjgfnfO{ t'xfpg] vt/f /xG5 . o;af/] k'/fgf] ;Qfsf ;~rfnsx?n] a]n}df Wofg k'¥ofpg h?/L 5 .

jftf{sf] bf];|f] r/0f;Dd vfln jftf{sf] lglDt k"jf{wf/ tof/ ug]{ s'/f dfq ePsf] / Tof] klg cem} k"/f eOg;s]sf] -lsg ls aGbL 5f]8\g], a]kQf kfl/Psfx?sf] l:ylt ;fj{hlgs ug]{, slyt cft+ssf/L P]g vf/]h ug]{ cflb sfo{ cem} ePsf 5}gg\_ l:yltdfly ljrf/ ubf{ xfdLn] zflGtjftf{sf] Pe/]i6 r9fOsf] hDdf b'O{ kfOnfdfq cl3 ;f/]sf] :jLsfg'{ kg]{ x'G5 . xfdLn] klxnf] r/0fsf] jftf{df k|:t't u/]sf] d"n /fhg}lts Ph]08faf/] k'/fgf] ;QfkIfsf] k|ltlqmof s:tf] cfp“5 To;kl5 dfq} jftf{n] s'g lbzf lng] xf] To;sf] s]xL ;+s]t k|fKt x'g ;Sg]5 . To;}n] jftf{sf ;Defjgf / r'gf}ltx? cfhsf] ldlt;Dd csygLo 5g\ / To;af/] l6Kk0fL ug]{ k|of; ug'{ c“Wof/f]df 9'+uf xfGg' h:tf] dfq} x'g]5 . qmflGtsf/Lx? h'g;'s} ;Defjgfsf] lglDt klg xd]zf tof/ /xg'kg]{ rflx+ :jtM :ki6 5 .

jftf{–k|lqmof / cu|ufdL /fhg}lts lgsf; lglDt clxn];Dd gkm's]sf] a? cem} sl:;+b} uPsf] uf“7f] eg]sf] ;+;bjfbL kf6L{x?sf] e"ldsfsf] s'/f xf] . k|ltudgsf/L, oyfl:yltjfbL / cu|udgsf/L u/L tLg v]dfdf ljeflht clxn]sf] /fhg}lts w/ftnLo oyfy{df larf}n] ;+;bjfbL zlQmx?nfO{ ;d]t s'g} g s'g} ?kdf jftf{–k|lqmofdf ;fd]n gu/fO{ To;n] ;fy{s kl/0ffd lbg ;Sb}g . t/ To;sf] ljlw / 38L s:tf] / s'g x'g] eGg] lgSof]{n ug{ olta]nf lgs} sl7g 5 .. ;+;bjfbLx?sf] clxn]sf] k|ltudglj/f]wL cfGbf]ngnfO{ xfd|f] ;ft jif{b]lvsf] cu|udgsf/L cfGbf]ng;“u s;/L hf]8\g ;lsG5 To;df g} of] ;d:ofsf] xn k|fKt x'g]5 . xfdLn] olta]nf ;+3if{sf] kmf}hL kf6f]nfO{ lj/fd lbP klg ;+3if{sf] u}/kmf}hL kf6f], h'g jftf{ / hgcfGbf]ngsf] ?kdf 5, sfod 5 . xfd|f] cu|udgsf] Ph]08f ;':ki6 5 t/ ;+;bjfbLx?sf] Ph]08f cem} k|:6 5}g . of] l:yltdf Psflt/ ;+;bjfbLx?n] cfkm\gf] Ph]08f k|:6 u/]/ pgLx?sf] hgcfGbf]ng / xfd|f] jftf{ Kn; hgcfGbf]ngnfO{ Psfsf/ u/fpg Wofg lbg'k5{ eg] csf]{lt/ k'/fgf] ;Qfsf ;~rfnsx?n] klg clxn] /fhfjfbL, ;+;bjfbL / dfcf]jfbL qmflGtsf/Lx? tLg} y/Lsf] ;xdltlagf s'g} lgsf; lg:sg ;Sb}g eGg] s6' oyfy{nfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . ;fy} tLg} y/Ln] ljb]zL zlQms]Gb|x?sf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf x:tIf]klagf g} xfd|f] cfGtl/s dfldnf xfdL cfkm} ;dfwfg ug{ ;Ifd 5f}+ eGg] Jojxf/tM k|dfl0ft ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . o;}df g} jftf{ / cu|ufdL /fhg}lts lgsf;sf] eljio l6s]sf] 5 . ;a}nfO{ x]Ssf /xf];\ .