o'4–lj/fd, jftf{ k|;¨ / qmflGtsf/Lx?sf] bfloTj

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cfhsf] ljrf/wf/fTds ;+3if{sf] o'udf ;fdGtjfb / ;fd|fHojfbnfO{ k/f:t u/L >dhLjL hgtfsf] /fHo;Qf :yfkgf ug{ hgd'lQm cfGbf]ngsf] g]t[Tj ug{] j}rfl/s xltof/ j}1flgs / wfl/nf] x'g'kb{5 . cem cufl8 a9]/ x]bf{ cfhsf] ;"rgf / k|ljlwsf] cb\e"t ljsf;n] l;+uf] ljZjnfO{ ;f“3'/f] 3]/fdf kf/]sf] l:yltdf ljrf/wf/Tds ;+3if{sf] k|Zg ;jf{lws dxTjk"0f{ x'[g hfG5 . ljut @)%@ ;fn kmfNu'0f ! ut] af6 ;+rflnt dxfg\ g]kfnL hgo'4 /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf /fhg}lts / kmf}hL b'j} lx;fan] /0fg}lts zlQm ;Gt'ngdf cfOk'Ug'sf] k|d'v sf/0f ljrf/wf/fTds ;+3if{df xfl;n ePsf] >]i7tf g} xf] . cfh xfd|f] dxfg Pj+ uf}/jzfnL kf6L{n] g]kfnL qmflGtnfO{ ljZj qmflGtsf] cleGg c+usf] ?kdf dfGb} dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfb–dfcf]jfbsf] j}rfl/s xltof/nfO{ ;xL 9+un] nfu" ub{} cfpbf j}1flgs l;4fGt ljsf; x'“b} cfPsf] 5 lsgls dfn]dfjfb ;j{xf/f qmflGtsf] lj1fg xf] . lj1fg ePs} sf/0f l;4fGt Jojxf/df nfu" ePkl5 ljsf; x'g' clgjfo{ 5 . hxf“ l;4fGt nfu" ePsf] x'G5 Toxf“ ljsf; x'g] / hxf“ ljsf; x'G5 Toxf“ nfu" x'G5 of] åGbfTds ef}ltsjfbsf] ;fdfGo lgodleq kg{] s'/f xf] . dfn]dfjfbnfO{ g]kfnL qmflGtdf nfu" ug{] ;Gbe{df l;4fGt gof“ prfOdf ljsf; eof] h;nfO{ kf6L{sf] P]ltxfl;s bf];|f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngn] k|r08kysf] ?kdf j}rfl/s ;+Zn]if0f u¥of] / clxn] g]kfnL qmflGt dfn]dfjfb / k|r08kysf] j}rfl/s lbzf lgb{]zgdf g]kfndf ljhosf] ;GgLs6 ag]sf] dfq xf]Og ljZj qmflGts} nflu ;u/dfyfsf] lzv/af6 pHofnf] k|sfz 5l//x]sf] 5 .

qmflGtsf] ljsf; k|s[of ;/n / :jefljs 9+un] geO{ eLif0f / zlQmzfnL k|ltqmflGtnfO{ hGd lb+b} To;sf lj?4sf] hLjg d/0fsf] ;+3if{df ljho xfl;n ub{} cufl8 a9\g] dfGotf cg'?k g} g]kfnL qmflGt cufl8 a9]sf] 5 .. 3/]n' k|ltlqmofjfbL / ;fd|fHojfbLsf] cnfjf kf6L{ leq} b]vf k/]sf s}of}+ unt k|j[lQ;+u} cfnf]s k|j[lQsf lj?4 ;d]t ljho xfl;n ub{} qmflGtsf/L kf6L{ cfhsf] l:yltdf cfOk'u]sf] xf] . of] k|s[of oxL cGTo ePsf] 5}g a? emg\ zlQmzfnL k|ltqmflGtsf] ;fdgf ug{' kg{] r'gf}tL kf6L{sf] cufl8 v8f 5 . clxn] ;Ddsf] prfOdf kf6L{ cfOk'ugfsf] s/f0f nfvf}+ nfv hgtfsf] ;fy ;xof]u, xhf/f}+ xhf/ kf6L{ g]tf, sfo{stf{ / qmflGtsf/L hgtfsf] pRr ;f}o{,;fx; / alnbfg, kf6L{ s]Gb|sf] lg/Gt/ g]t[Tj / d'Vo u/L ;}of} kf6L{ g]t[Tjsf] aLrdf cWoIf s= k|r08sf] s'zn / cljl5Gg g]t[Tj /x]sf] 5 . log} qmflGtsf clåtLo sLlt{dfgn] hlGdPsf] k|r08kyaf6 s k|r08sf] g]t[Tjdf alnof] ;j{xf/f x]8Sjf6/ ag]sf] 5 / /fli6«o ;Dd]ngb]lv oxf“;Dd cfp“bf Tof] x]8Sjf6/ ;d[4 / zlQmzfnL aGb} cfPsf] 5 .

/utsf] d"No sf]6fsf] ?kdf r'Qmf ug{' kg{] / alnbfg g} ;fd|fHojfbnfO{ k/f:t ug{] ck/fho xltof/ xf] eGg] cWoIf s= k|r08sf] pRr ;+Zn]if0fnfO{ cfTd;fy u/]/ g} s lbnaxfb'/ /Dt]n x'“b} , tLy{ uf}td, ljho 3n], eLd;]g kf]v|]n, d:taxfb'/ lji6, o1Zj/ zdf{, kf6L{ s]Gb|af6 s= ;'/]z jfUn], s= l/taxfb'/ v8\sf, kf6L{ ;]gf / hg;d'bfosf] ljleGg txaf6 ePsf] ^ xhf/ eGbf a9Lsf] pRr alnbfgn] g} ;fdGtjfb–;fd|fHojfb / ;+zf]wgjfbnfO{ k/f:t ub{} hgo'4nfO{ cfhsf] prfOdf k'¥ofPsf] 5 . cfGbf]ngsf] ljsf;n] k|ltqmflGtnfO{ k/f:t ub{} qmflGtnfO{ ljhodf k'¥ofpg pRr dgf]ann] el/k"0f{, ;f}o{, ;fx; / alnbfgL efjgfn] cf]tk|f]t xhf/f}+ xhf/ ;'of]Uo g]tf / s'zn sdf08/sf] dfu ul//x]sf] 5 h;n] ;fdGtjfb–;fd|fHojfbnfO{ k/f:t ug{] / g]kfnL qmflGtsf] ljho ug{] dfq xf]Og, @! cf}+ ztfAbLsf] gof“ ;Qfsf] df]8]n v8f ug{ ;sf];\ efjL k|ltqmflGtnfO{ /f]Sg ;sf];\ / cfh eGbf @%;o jif{ cufl8 g]kfnaf6 ;+;f/nfO{ zflGtsf] ;Gb]z uf}td a'4n] lbP h:t} cfhsf] @! cf}+ ztfAbLdf ;u/dfyfsf] lzv/af6 ljZje/sf c/af}+ pTkLl8t hgtfnfO{ d'lQmsf] ;Gb]z lbg ;sf];\ . cfh g]kfnL hgo'4 ljhosf] ;+3f/df k'u]sf] 5 . ljleGg cf/f]x–cj/f]xsf] aLraf6 ljsl;t hgo'4n] 5fndo ;ft jif{ kf/ u/L cf7f}+ jif{df k|j]z u/]sf] 5 . olta]nf k'/fgf] ;Qf / gof“ ;QfaLrsf] /0fg}lts zlQm ;Gt'ngsf] kl/0ffdsf] ?kdf b]zdf o'4lj/fd ePsf] 5 . d'n'ssf] r/d ;+s6nfO{ zflGtjftf{sf] k|s[ofåf/f cu|ufdL lgsfz lbg xfd|f] kf6L{ k"0f{ lhDd]jf/L / uDeL/tfsf ;fy aGb'ssf] df]rf{af6 jftf{sf] df]rf{df ;xefuL ag]sf] 5 . of] l:ylt cfpg'sf] k5fl8 cWoIf s=k|r08n] eGg' ePem}+ jt{dfg o'4–lj/fd s;}sf] dgf]ut OR5f jf lgufxsf] kl/0ffd geP/ cfhsf] cGt/f{li6«o / /fli6«o zlQm ;Gt'ngsf ;Gbe{df g]kfnL u[xo'4sf] ljsf;sf] j:t'utM cfjZostfsf] kl/0ffd xf] . æu[xo'4sf] ljsf;sf] j:t'ut cfjZostfn] o'4/t b'j} kIfsf] r]tgfdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf sf/0f o'4lj/fd / jftf{ k|s[ofsf] 3f]if0ff ePsf] 5 .Æ o;/L ePsf] o'4lj/fd / jftf{ k|s[ofaf6 ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] af6f] cl3 a9\g' ;sf/fTds kf6f] xf] . o;n] g]kfnL hgtfdf dfq xf]Og ljZjel/sf hgtfdf pT;fxsf] gof“ /f}gs 5fPsf] 5 of] :jfut of]Uo s'/f xf] . jftf{nfO{ cf}lrTo k"0f{ ?kdf ;kmn kfg{ b]z ljb]zsf ;Dk"0f{ /fhg}lts bn, ;fdflhs ;+3,;+:yf af}l4s JolQmTj, ;sf/fTds 9+un] nfluk/]sf 5g\ / xfd|f] kf6L{ jftf{nfO{ /0fg}lts dxTjsf] ?kdf lnO{ ljutsf] jftf{sf] s6'cg'ejaf6 lzIff ln+b} k"0f{ lhDd]jf/Laf]wsf ;fy nfu]sf] 5 / hgtfsf] cfwf/e"t lxtnfO{ ;jf{]Rr :yfgdf /fv]/ pRr :t/Lo jftf{ 6f]nL u7g u/L cfºgf 7fp“af6 jftf{sf] jftfj/0f ;xh agfpg 7f]; kxn z'? u/]sf] 5 .  t/ k'/fgf] ;Qf kIf u+eL/ gag]sf], k|d'v ;+;bjfbL kf6L{x?sf] u}/lhDd]jf/L s[ofsnfk / ;fd|fHojfbLx?sf] u'? of]hgfdf k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] pRr txaf6} jftf{åf/f ;d:of xn ug{'sf] ;§f jftf{sf] vf]nleq cfºgf] zlQm ;'b[9 ub{} nfg] / b]znfO{ emg ;+s6lt/ hfSg] eo+s/ if8\oGq eO/x]sf] ;+s]t 5/ki6 ?kdf b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . o;n] zflGt jftf{åf/f d'lQm rfxg] Gofok|]dL hg;d'bfo / ljleGg /fhg}lts bn, af}l4s JolQmTj ;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yfdf k'/fgf] ;QfkIfk|lt u+eL/ cfz+sf pTkGg ePsf] 5 . cfh ;r]t gful/ssf] lbnlbdfudf s] jftf{ ;kmn xf]nf < s] jftf{åf/f cu|ufdL lgsf; ;+ej xf]nf < of] k|Zg plAhPsf] 5 / o;sf] pQ/ vf]lh/x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] hjfkm o'4lj/fdsf] 3f]if0ffb]lv clxn];Dd cfp“bf kf6L{sf] gLlt / wf/0ff af/] kf6L{ cWoIf s= k|r08 / jftf{ 6f]nL ;+of]hs s= afa'/fd e§/fO{åf/f k|]; lj1lKt, cGtjftf{, n]v / ckLn dfkm{t lbO;Sg' ePsf] 5 . b]z u+eL/ df]8df /x]sf] a]nf P]ltxfl;s lg0f{odf k'Ug' kg{] cj:yf hf] cfPsf] 5 x/]s ;r]t gful/sn] ;r]t e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ h?/L 5 . af6f] @ j6f 5g\ stf nfUg] < ;fd|fHojfbsf] if8\oGq / k'/fgf ;Qfsf] kIfdf nfu]/ d;fg3f6df k'u]sf] ;fdGtL lg/+s'ztfjfbnfO{ ;fy lbP/ b]znfO{ 3f]/ k|ltudg lbzflt/ ws]Ng] ls < cfd g]kfnL hgtfsf] dfu uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng, cGtl/d ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg ;efsf] dfWodaf6 zflGtjftf{sf] k|s[ofåf/f b]znfO{ cu|ufdL lgsf; lbg] < of] cfhsf] HjnGt k|Zg xf] . olb s;}n] jftf{ ljyf]Ng vf]h]df / cu|ufdL lgsf;df cj/f]w v8f u/]df b]zn] w]/} b'b{zf ef]Ug' kg{]5 Oltxf; lgd{d lg0f{o lng kl5 kg{] 5}g . Oltxf;sf] lgd{d lg0f{osf] c;nL eflubf/ :jo+ jftf{ ljyf]Ng]x? g} aGg' kg{] / qmflGt lgd{d 9+un] cufl8 a9\g] 5 / qmflGt k|s[ofdfkm{t hgtfsf b'Zdg w'n;fkm x'g]5g\ / qmflGt ljho agL hgtfsf] ;'Gb/ ;+;f/ lgdf{0f x'g]5 .

/fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf /fhg}lts / kmf}hL lx;fan] /0fg}lts zlQm ;Gt'ngsf] r/0fdf x'g nflu /x]sf] k'/fgf] ;Qf / gof“ ;Qf aLrsf] o'4lj/fd / jftf{ k|s[ofdf qmflGtsf/Lx?sf] e"ldsf emg a9]/ uPsf] 5 . olta]nf kf6L{leq blIf0fkGyL cj;/jfbsf] vt/f a9\g ;S5 Tof] slxn] c/fhstfjfb, slxn] dgf]utjfb, slxn] h8;"qjfb / slxn] pu|jfbsf ?kdf ;d]t b]vf kb{5 ;fy} ;+sL0f{tf / pbf/jfbsf] klg . qmflGtsfndf 6fpsf] n'sfpg]x? ;aeGbf a9L qmflGtsf/L ag]/ k|:t't x'g sf]lzz u5{g, cfwf/e"t ju{ / u|fdL0f Onfsf 5f]8]/ ;'ljwf lng] dfgl;stf klg a9]/ hfg;S5 . t;y{ ljutsf] s6';TonfO{ lzIffsf] ?kdf ln+b} ljleGg unt lrGtg k|j[lQ;+u h'Wb}, b'Zdgsf e|dx?nfO{ lrb{} hgtf;+u h'g;'s} l:yltdf ;d]t xftdf xft / sf“wdf sf“w ldnfP/ /0fg}lts dxTjsf] ?kdf lnPsf] jftf{nfO{ ;kmn kfg{ b[9tfk"j{s hglbzf nfu" ug{' h?/L 5 .

g]kfnL hgo'4sf] ;dosf] lx;fan] ;ftjif{sf] 5f]6} cjlwdf o'ufGtsf/L dxTjsf pknlAw xfl;n ePsf] 5 . oL pknlAw xfl;n ug{ s/f]8f}+ hgtfsf] Gofgf] dfof / ;dy{g, xhf/f}+ xhf/ kf6L{ g]tf sfo{stf{sf] cgj/t nug / of]ubfgsf ;fydf $ xhf/f eGbf a9L jL/jL/+ugfsf] /utaf6 ;+ej ePsf] 5 . ltg} dxfg zxLbx?sf] /utn] hlGdPsf] gof“ ;Qfsf] huaf6 xfd|f] kf6L{ jftf{sf] 6]a'ndf k'u]sf] 5 . cu|:yfgdf s= ;'/]z jfUn] / s= l/taxfb'/ v8\sf /x]sf] % xhf/ eGbf a9L cfb/0fLo dxfg\ zxLbx?sf] lk/fld8nfO{ kms{]/ x]g{' kb{5 / xfdLn] xfd|f x/]s s[ofsnfk Tof] hudf pleP/ ug{' kb{5 . b'Zdgn] olta]nf 7"nf] e|d ;[hgf ug{ ;S5g, dWojtL{ tKsfsf] / hgtfsf] Pp6f lx:;fdf b'Zdgsf] e|dn] c;/ kfg{ ;S5 . sltko 7fp“df jftf{df c;kmn x'g] xf]ls eGg] lrGtf JoQm u/]sf] klg kfOG5 . o;df qmflGtsf/Lx? s] :ki6 x'g'kb{5 / e|ddf /x]sfnfO{ :ki6 kfg{' k5{ eg] Oltxf;df x]bf{ hxf“ o'4 ;kmn ePsf] 5 Toxf“ jftf{df klg qmflGtsf/Lx? ljho ePsf 5g\, hxf“ jftf{ df xf/ vfg' k/]sf] 5 Toxf“ o'4df klg xf/ vfg' k/]sf] 5 t/ k|ltlqmofjfbLx? of] P]ltxfl;s ;RrfOnfO{ a'‰b}gg\ t/ jftf{af6 ljb|f]xLx?nfO{ x/fpg ;lsG5 eGg] a'‰b5g\ . ljb|f]xLx?sf] jftf{df xf/ Tolta]nf x'G5 hlta]nf l;4fGt / gLltaf6 ljrlnt x'G5g\ . t;y{ xfd|f] kf6L{ jftf{df ljho xfl;n ug{] s'/fdf ljZjf; ub{5 lsgls ?;, rLg / k]?sf] cg'ejaf6 lzIff ln+b} g]kfns} & jif{sf] n8fO{+sf] cg'ejsf ;fydf hgtfsf] lxtnfO{ ;jf{]kl/ 7fgL dfn]dfjfb / k|r08kysf] j}rfl/s xltof/ lnP/ s/f]8f}+ hgtfsf] ;fydf jftf{sf] 6]a'ndf uPsf] 5 . k|ltlqmofjfbLx?sf] rfl/lqs ljz]iftf g} u8a8L / if8\oGq ug{] x'“bf o;af/] ;a} a]n}df ;r]t /xg h?/L 5 . xfd|f] kf6L{ qmflGtn] dfu u/] jftf{sf] 6]a'ndf alnbfg lbg] lxDdt / ;fx;sf ;fy uPsf] 5 . g]kfndf tLg zlQm cl:tTjdf b]lvP klg hah{:t gof“ / k'/fgf] ;Qf g} :yflkt 5g\ . / ;dfgGt/ ;Qf rln/x]sf] 5 . o'4lj/fd ePsf] a]nf kmf}hL ;+3if{ / jftf{ k|s[ofnfO{ c;/ k'¥ofpg] sfd afx]s zflGtk"0f{ tl/sfåf/f kf6L{, ;]gf / hg;Qfsf sfdx? emg 3gLe"t 9+un] ;+rfng ug{' kg{] hf] cfjZostf 5 o;df ;a} qmflGtsf/Lx?sf] Wofg s]lGb|t x'g h?/L 5 . ;+u7g lgdf{0f, lj:tf/ / ;'b[9, k|rf/, pTkfbg, ljsf; lgdf{0fsf ;fy} kf6L{åf/f cl3 ;fl/Psf t/ hgtfåf/f cg'df]lbt jftf{sf k|d'v Ph]08fdf ljleGg :t/df ;Dk"0f{ /fhg}lts bn, k'/fgf] ;Qfsf k|ltlglw, ljleGg ;fdflhs ;+3–;+:yf gful/s ;dfh, ;a};+u ax;, 5nkmn, cGt/lqmof, uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng ub{} cGtl/d ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg ;efsf] kIfdf hgdt tof/ ub{} jftf{åf/f b]znfO{ cu|ufdL lbzf lbg zflGtk"0f{ hgbafjsf] cf“lwa]x/L ;[li6 ug{' xfd|f] k|d'v bfloTj x'g cfp“5 . ;fy} k'/fgf] ;Qfn] jftf{df wf]sf lbPdf ljb|f]xdf hgtfnfO{ ptf/L hgo'4sf] k|s[of dfkm{t g} hgtfsf] ;Qf :yfkgfy{ cl3 a9\g cfjZos x'G5 To;df klg Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . o;/L xfdLn] cfºgf] P]ltxfl;s e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]/ dfq cfb/0fLo zxLbx?sf cw'/f ;kgf k"/f x'g]5g\ . hgtfsf] ;Qf :yflkt x'g]5 / ;u/dfyfsf] lzv/af6 ljZj qmflGtsf] ;Gb]z 5g{ ;lsg]5 . qmflGtsf/L kf6L{sf] g]t[Tjdf hgtf /x];Dd h:tf];'s} rdTsf/ ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s=dfcf]sf] egfO :d/0f ug{ h?/L 5 .

;+:s[lt / ;f+:s[lts cfGbf]ng

– clgn zdf{

xfdL ju{ ljeflht ;dfhdf 5f}+ . o:tf] ;dfhdf xfdL s'g} Ps ju{sf] ju{ k|ltlglw x'g' clgjfo{ 5 . zf]ifs / zf]liftju{sf] ;+:s[lt (culture) klg km/s–km/s d"No–dfGotf / ljrf/wf/fTds :j?ksf] /xG5 . ;Qfwf/L ju{sf] ;+:s[lt g} ;dfhsf] :yflkt ;+:s[lt x'g] ePsfn] g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df c4{;fdGtL / c4{cf}klgj]lzs ;+:s[lt g} xfd|f] ;dfhdf ;Qfwf/Låf/f yf]kl/Psf] ;+:s[ltsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .. o:tf] kZrufdL tyf ktgf]Gd'v ;+:s[ltn] n}; ePsf xfdLx? ju{ljlxg tyf zf]if0fljlxg ;+:s[ltdf cfwfl/t sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf k|j]z x'gf;fy ljrf/ / Jojxf/sf aLrdf cGt/lj/f]w of cGtåGb cyjf ;+3if{ z'? x'G5 .. o:tf] cj:yfdf qmflGtsf/L ;+:s[ltsf] ;'qLs/0f, lgdf{0f, ljsf; / cfTd;ftLs/0fsf] k|Zg cufl8 cfp“5 . To;}n] qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ngsf] ljsf; ;+u;+u} ;f+:s[lts If]qsf] sfdnfO{ kof{Kt Wofg lbg} kb{5 .

ef}lts ;Qf k|flKtsf] lglDt ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL sfd b'/b/fhsf] sfd geP/ tTsfnLg / clgjfo{ ljifo aGg'k5{ . ;+:s[lt eGgfn] ;fdflhs–cfly{s d"ntM cfly{s ;+/rgfsf] k|ltlaDa xf] . ;+:s[ltsf] If]q k|s[ltb]lv aflx/sf ;Dk"0f{ dfgjLs[t j:t' / ljifox?df lj:t[tLs/0f ePsf] 5 . o;}n] ;+:s[lt cfkm}df Ps hl6n ljifo xf] . P= qmf]Pa/ / ;L= n'sxgn] ;+o'Qm ?kdf n]v]sf] Ps k':tsdf ;+:s[ltsf Ps;o ;f7Lj6f kl/efiff lbPsf 5g\ . -;Gbe{M ;+:s[lt / ;f+:s[lts ?kfGt/0f, k[i7 ! lgg' rfkfufO{_ . o;af6 ;+:s[ltsf] Jofkstfaf/] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . d}lS;d uf]sL{n] dfgjLs[t bf]>f] k|s[lt g} ;+:s[lt xf] eg]sf 5g\ . h; cg';f/ k|fs[lts j:t' / >d -p2]Zo;lxtsf] dfgj lqmofsnfk_sf] of]u ;+:s[lt xf] eGg] a'‰g ;lsG5 . ;+:s[ltnfO{ d"n ?kdf b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 –ef}lts ;+:s[lt / cflTds ;+:s[lt . dfG5]sf kf“r 1fg]lGb|oåf/f cg'ej ug{ ;lsg], cl:tTjaf]w x'g] ;+:s[lt ef}lts ;+:s[lt xf] eg] 1fg]Gb|Loåf/f k|ToIf af]w gx'g] t/ cg'ej ug{ ;lsg] ;+:s[lt cflTds ;+:s[lt xf] .. efjs'tf tyf på]ng cflTds ;+:s[ltleq kb{5g\ . k|s[lt;“usf] ;+3if{df g} dfgj hfltn] gof“ / pRr ;+:s[ltsf] lgdf{0f ub}{ cfPsf] 5 / To;n] g} cGo k|f0fLaf6 dfG5]nfO{ dfly /fv]sf] dfq xf]og k|s[ltdflysf] ljhosf] ofqfdf ;Dej t'NofPsf] 5 .. lxhf]sf] h+unL cj:yfsf] dfG5] cfhsf] ljsl;t dfgj hfltdf kbfk{0f x'g ;Sg'df >[hgfTds ;+:s[ltsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg'df lglxt 5 . dfG5] :jo+ k|fs[lts j:t' eP klg pm ;Eo ;+:s[ltn] ?kfGt/0f u/]sf] kl/:s[t k|s[lt xf] . To;}n] k|s[lt / ;+:s[ltsf aLrdf ce]B lsNnf geP/ åGåfTds ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] ;+:s[lt / k|s[ltaLrsf] cGt/ eg]sf] k|s[ltdf :jtM:km{"t e"ldsf / ;+:s[ltdf ;lqmo cyjf r]tg zlStsf] e"ldsf lg0ff{os /xg' . k|s[ltdf snfkIf p2]Zok"0f{ gx'g' t/ ;+:s[lt dfgjLs[t snf / p2]Zok"0f{ x'g', kl/jt{gzLntfsf] :t/ km/s x'g' cflb x'g\ . ;+:s[ltsf] t'ngfdf k|s[lt ;fk]lIfs l:y/ /xG5 cyjf k|slt a|Dxf08sf] ult;+u k|ToIf ;DalGwt /xG5 eg] ;+:s[lt ;fk]If ?kdf :jtGq lbzfdf ljr/0f ug{ ;Sb5 . To;}n] ;+:s[ltsf] lgdf{0fdf ;lqmo e"ldsf k|wfg /xg hfG5 . ;f}Gbo{af]wsf] :t/, snf–sf}znsf] k|of]u / >[hgfdf ljljwtf, qmflGtsf/L Jojxf/ / g}ltstfsf] ljljwtf, j:t'ut oyfy{k|ltsf] b[li6sf]0f / cfTd;ftLs/0fdf ljljwtf o;}sf sf/0fx? x'g\ .

;+:s[lt ef}lts pTkfbg k|lqmofsf] k|ltlaDa xf] . clehfTo ju{n] cflTds ;+:s[ltnfO{ ef}lts ;+:s[ltaf6 cnu dfq xf]Og ;+:s[ltnfO{ dxnsf] gfrufg dfq 7fGb5 . ;+:s[ltsf] d"n cfwf/ cfly{s pTkfbg;“u ;DalGwt ePsf] x'gfn] ef}lts ;+:s[lt lagfsf] ;+:s[ltsf] s'g} cl:tTj x'g} ;Sb}g eg] pTkfbgsf] sfo{df cfd >lds hgtfsf] d'Vo / lg0ff{os e"ldsf x'g] x'gfn] cflTds ;+:s[ltsf] Psdfq e08f/ >dhLjL hgtf g} x'g\ / To;}n] cflTds ;+:s[ltsf] 7]s]bf/ cN5L ;]tf] xfQL / b'i6–>[ªf/ dxn xf]Og hgtfsf] kIfdf rDsg] v's'/L, wfgsf u/f clg ds}sf kfvfx? k5{ . cfTdLs ;+:s[ltnfO{ dfq ;+:s[lt dfGg] / ef}lts ;+:s[ltsf] pk]Iff ug{] k|j[lQsf] klg plQs} lj/f]w x'g'kb{5 . ef}lts ;+:s[ltsf] cfwf/ >d sfo{ ePsf] / >d sfo{ hgtfsf] rl/q / ;Eotfsf] Psdfq cfwf/ ePsf] x'gfn] ef}lts ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;+:s[ltsf] bhf{ g} glbg'sf k5fl8 dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;df >d sfo{ cyjf >lds hgtfsf] lg0ff{os e"ldsfnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{] k"“hLjfbL ljZj b[li6sf]0fn] sfd u/]sf] 5 .. h;n] dfgj ;Eotf / >[hgfTds sfo{nfO{ slyt a'l4hLjLx?sf] lbdfuL s;/t 7fGb5 . h;/L gfr–ufg, ef]h–et]/ dfq ;+:s[lt xf]Og / To;/L ;+:s[ltnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{] k"“hLjfbL b[li6sf]0fsf lj?4 ;+3if{ cfjZos 5, To;}u/L j}rfl/s–;}4flGts sfd, dfq ;+:s[lt 7fGg] / hgd'lSt cfGbf]ngsf] pk]Iff / lj/f]w ug{], Psy/L af}l4s dxf/yLx?sf] klg lj/f]w x'g'kb{5 . ef}lts pTkfbg sfo{ cyjf ef}lts ;+:s[ltn] dflg;sf] cflTds ;+:s[ltdf k|ToIf k|efj kfl//xG5 eg] cflTds ;+:s[ltn] dfG5]sf] >[hgfTds Ifdtfdf kl/isf/ ul//xG5 . To;}n] ef}lts / cflTds ;+:s[ltsf aLrdf cljl5Gg åGbfTds ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 .

dfG5]n] pTkfbg sfo{sf] qmddf pTkfbgsf ;fwgx?sf] kl/isf/ ub{5 . To;sf] cfwf/df p;sf] r]tgf klg p7\b}, ljsf; x'“b} hfG5 . j:t'sf] bf“hf]df r]tgfsf] ljsf; ?9LjfbL /xG5 . ef}lts hutsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ u|x0f ug{df tTsfn r]tgfn] :jLsf/ ug{ cfgfsfgL ug{], To;nfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{] of sltko cj:yfdf k5fl8g} kms{g] d'9fu|xL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sb5 . To;}n] k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] cGt ePkl5 klg k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] ljrf/ cfr/0f / b[li6sf]0f sfod} /xG5 / To;n] ef}lts ;QfnfO{ k'/fg} ju{df pEofpg] s;/t nfdf] ;do;Dd ul//xG5 . qmflGtkl5 dfq xf]Og qmflGt sfnd} klg cfGbf]ngsf] ult / To;sf] ck]Iff cg';f/ ?kfGt/0fsf] ;d:of hl6n /lx/xG5 . To;}n] ef}lts / cflTds z'4Ls/0fnfO{ qmflGtsf] k|:yfg laGb' agfpg' k/]sf] xf] . ;j{xf/f ju{n] /fHo;Qf sAhf ug{, >d / k"“hLsf aLrsf] cGt/lj/f]w xn ug{ ;S5 eGg] k|Zgdf ca ljjfb /x]g . casf qmflGtsf/Lx?sf] r'gf}tL eg]sf] z'?b]lv g} k|ltqmflGtsf lj?4 ;kmntf k|fKt ug{'df /x]sf] 5 . s= n]lggn] k'/fgf] ;Qf 9n]kl5 klg j}rfl/s ?kdf k'/fgf] ljrf/ sfod /xg], ;fgf] dfqfsf] pTkfbg ;DaGw, zx/ / ufp“sf] lje]b dfgl;s / zfl//Ls >dsf] vf8nn] To;sf] cfwf/sf] sfd ul//xg] x'gfn] j}rfl/s Pj+ cflTds ;+3if{sf] sfdnfO{ j]jf:tf ug{ gx'g] atfpg' ePsf] lyof] .. sd/]8 :6flngsf] b]xfGtkl5 ;f]leot ;+3df ePsf] k|ltqmflGt / :jo+ rLlgof“ sDo'lgi6 kf6L{leq t]ªd08nLsf] babafsf] lj?4 ;j{xf/f ju{sf] ;lqmotf / kxnsbdL a9fpg] / k'/fgf] cfwf/ lgd{"n eO g;s]sf] k'/fgf] pTkfbg ;DaGwsf] k|ltlDasf] ?kdf sfod k|ltufdL b[li6sf]0fsf lj?4 s= dfcf]n] rLgdf ;g\ !(^^ b]lv dxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;f“:s[lts qmflGtsf] g]t[Tj ug{' ePsf] lyof] . clGtd zlQm ef}lts zlQmdf cleJoSt x'g] x'gfn] ;fdGtL tyf k"“hLjfbL ljrf/ Tof] ju{sf] cfr/0f / ;+:s[ltnfO{ kl/Tofu u/L ;j{xf/f ;+:s[lt / ;d[4 cflTds ;+:s[ltåf/f pRr r]tgzLn ;j{xf/f dfgj hfltsf] >[hgf gu/L ljZj ;fDojfbsf] Woo k"/f x'g ;Sb}g . ;+:s[lt ;dfhsf] clw/rgf eP klg o;n] cfwf/ dfly k|ToIf k|efj kfg{ ;Sb5 . To;}n] qmflGtsf pknlAw cyf{t cfwf/sf] ?kfGt/0f ;+u;+u} clw/rgfsf] ?9LjfbL k|j[lQsf lj?4sf] ;+3if{nfO{ klg hf]8 lbg' k/]sf] xf] . o;} cy{df g} dxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGtnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg k|:yfg laGb' dfg]/ cufl8 a9\g' kg{] tYosf] cf}lrTo k'li6 x'G5 .

g]kfn c4{–;fdGtL / c4{–cf}klgj]lzs d'n's ePsf] x'gfn] 3/]n' k|ltlqmofjfb tyf ljZj ;fd|fHojfb;“u g]kfnL hgtfsf] k|wfg cGt/lj/f]w /x]sf] 5 . To;}n] g]kfndf gf}nf] vfnsf] k"“hLjfbL qmflGt -;dfhjfb pGd'v k"“hLjfbL qmflGt of gof“ hgjfbL qmflGt_ ;DkGg ug{' kg{] x'G5 . qmflGtsf] rl/qn] ;f+:s[lts cfGbf]ngsf] ;d]t lbzf lgwf{/0f ug{] x'gfn] g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;dfhjfbL ;+:s[lt tTsfnsf] ljifo x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] /fli6«o hgjfbL ;+:s[ltsf] lgdf{0f cfhsf] HjnGt / tTsfnLg ljifo aGg'k5{ . ;'uf}nL ;GwLkl5 g]kfn cf}krfl/s ?kdf c4{ cf}klgj]lzs d'n'ssf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 , @))& ;fnkl5 ef/tLo x:tIf]k / @)%@ ;fnkl5 d"ntM /fhfjL/]Gb|sf] xTofkl5 cd]l/sL x:tIf]k a9]/ uPsf] 5 . pk/L;+/rgf / ?k kIfdf k"“hLjfbL ljsf; a9]/ uP klg cfwf/e"tkIf of ;fdGtjfb g} k|e'TjzfnL oxf“sf] oyfy{ xf] . To;}n] gf}nf] hgjfbL qmflGtsf] c¨sf] ?kdf /x]sf] /fli6«o hgjfbL ;+:s[ltsf] lgdf{0f cfhsf] r'gf}tL xf] . To;}n] ;dfhjfbL ;+:s[ltsf] g]t[Tjsf/L e"ldsfdf ;fdGtjfb–;fd|fHojfb lj/f]wL ;Dk"0f{ zlQmx?sf] ;femf cfGbf]ng /fli6«o hgjfbL ;f+:s[lts cfGbf]ng g} xfd|f] ;Gbe{df ;f+:s[lts cfGbf]ngsf] lbzf x'g'kb{5 .

;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL ;flxTosf] ;Gbe{df jl/i7 ;f}Gbo{zf:qL r}tGo eGg'x'G5, æjt{dfg g]kfndf k|ultjfbL ;flxTosf] d"n >f]t / ljifoj:t' hg;+3if{, ju{–;+3if{ / hgo'4sf] P]ltxfl;s wf/fdf lqmofzLn hg;d'bfo / 5fkfdf/ of]4fx?sf pbfQ cfbz{, jL/tf / alnbfgn] el/Psf hLjgufyf / efjwf/f g} x'g\ .Æ -snd, @)%& efb| sflt{s_ t/ xfd|f] lj8Dagf /fhg}lts cfGbf]ngaf6 knfog ePsf sfo/x?n] g} cfkm"nfO{ ;f+:s[lts cfGbf]ngsf 1ftf / afxs 7flg/xg ;Sg] l:ylt 5 . To;sf lj?4 sygL / s/gLdf ;fdf~h:otf /fVg] wf/f ck]Iffs[t cem} k|efjzfnL ge};s]sf] l:ylt 5 . o:tf] l:yltsf ;DaGwdf sd/]8 k|r08n] eg]em}+, æ>dhLjL hg;d'bfosf aLraf6 gof“ ;f+:s[lts d"Noaf]w, ;lxtsf gof“ ;f+:s[lts sdL{x?sf] kmf}h tof/ ub{} ;flxlTos l;h{gf s]an zx/ ahf/df a:g] …a'l4hLjLÚx?sf] lbdfuL s;/t 7fGg] ;flxlTos ;+zf]wgjfbdfly hah{:t k|xf/ ub{} nu]sf] 5 .Æ ;f]leot ;+3 / rLgsf k|ltqmflGtsf] cg'ej s] xf] eg] tL b]zx?df ;f+:s[lts df]rf{af6} k|ltqmflGtsf] g]t[Tj ul/Psf] lyof] . To;}n] ;+:s[lt / ;f+:s[lts ?kfGt/0fsf] cfGbf]ng qmflGtsf/Lx?sf] cfhsf] ;zQm r'gf}tL aGg uPsf] 5 .

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