gof“ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f g} jftf{sf] k|d'v Ph]08f xf]M 8f= e§/fO{

    sf7df8f}+÷ g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ sf :yfoL ;ldlt ;b:o tyf jftf{6f]nLsf ;+of]hs 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{n] xfdL o'4df xf/]/ jf cGo ?kn] sdhf]/ eP/ geO{ o'4df]rf{df Pskl5 csf]{ ;kmntf xfl;n ub}{ uO/x]sf] cj:yfdf g} olt nlrnf] eP/ jftf{sf] lglDt tTk/ ePsf] atfpg' ePsf] 5 . pxf“n] jt{dfg lqkIfLo zlQm ;Gt'ngsf] l:yltdf s'g} Ps kIfnfO{ pk]Iff u/]/ jf kfvf nufP/ ;sf/fTds / :yfoL /fhg}lts ;dfwfg lg:s“g} ;Sb}g eGb} gof“ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f g} jftf{sf] k|d'v Ph]08f x'g] atfpg'ePsf] 5 . hgfb]znfO{ lxhf] lbg'ePsf] Ps ljz]if cGtjf{tf{sf qmddf pxf“n] ;f] s'/f atfpg'ePsf] xf] .

    cf}krfl/s jftf{–k|lqmof tTsfn ;'? x'g g;Sg'sf] sf/0faf/] ;f]lwPsf] Ps csf]{ k|Zgdf …cfrf/;+lxtfdf pNn]lvt jf cGt/lglxt b'a} kIfn] cf–cfkm\gf ;z:q ;]gfnfO{ o'4lj/fd cjlwe/ oyf:yfgdf /fVg], cgfjZos vfgtnf;L / w/ks8 gug]{, o'4aGbLx?nfO{ 5f]8\b} hfg] h:tf clt dxTjk"0f{ / ljZj;gLo jftfj/0f lgdf{0fsf Go"gtd\ s'/fx? ;d]t k'/fgf] ;QfkIfn] k"/f ug'{sf] ;§f ltgsf] pNn+3g ul//x]sfn] g} jftf{–k|lqmof tTsfn cl3 a9\g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .Ú

     k|:t't 5 cGtjf{tf{sf] k"0f{kf7–

hgo'4sf] ;'?jftkZrft\ & jif{ nfdf] s7f]/ e"ldut hLjg latfP/ PSsf;L ;fj{hlgs x'“bf clxn] s:tf] cg'e"lt ul//xg'ePsf] 5 <

    – oxL r}q !% ut] klxnf]rf]l6 cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng s]Gb|df kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdfkm{t\ ;fj{hlgs x'g] qmddf cfd;~rf/sdL{x? / Jofks hg;d'bfoaf6 xfd|f] uf}/jzfnL kf6L{sf] % ;b:oLo jftf{6f]nLk|lt h'g 9+usf] ;b\efj, lh1f;f / ddtf k|bz{g ul/of] To;af6 xfdL c;fWo} efjljef]/ dfq ePsf 5}gf}+ b]z / hgtfk|ltsf] lhDd]jf/Laf]wn] yk lslrPsf] cg'e"lt ;d]t ul//x]sf 5f}+ .

tkfO{+x? / ;QfkIfaLrsf] cf}krfl/s jftf{–k|lqmof slxn]b]lv ;'? x'“b}5 <

    – k'/fgf] ;QfkIfsf] csd{0otf, u}/lhDd]jf/Lkg / if8\oGqd"ns cfn6fn] gLltn] cfhsf ldlt;Dd cf}krfl/s jftf{sf] s'g} 6'¨f] nfUg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .

s] sf/0fn] jftf{df l9nfO eO/x]5 <

    – cf}krfl/s jftf{ yfngLsf] lglDt h'g Go"gtd\ ljZj;gLo jftfj/0f tof/ ul/g' kb{Yof] / OdfGbfl/tfsf ;fy @@ a'“b] cfrf/;+lxtf sfof{Gjog x'g'kb{Yof], k'/fgf] ;QfkIfn] To;sf] Jofks pk]Iff / pNn+3g u/]sfn] g} d"n?kdf jftf{–k|lqmof yfngLdf l9nfO ePsf] xf] . vf;u/L cfrf/;+lxtfdf pNn]lvt jf cGtlg{lxt b'a} kIfn] cf–cfkm\gf ;z:q ;]gfnfO{ o'4lj/fd cjlwe/ oyf:yfg / l:yltdf /fVg], cgfjZos vfgtnf;L / w/ks8 gug]{, o'4aGbLx?nfO{ 5f]8\b} hfg] cflb clt dxTjk"0f{ / ljZj;gLo jftfj/0f lgdf{0fsf Go"gtd\ s'/fx? ;d]t k'/fgf] ;QfkIfn] k"/f ug'{sf] ;§f ltgsf] Jofks pNn+3g ul//x]sfn] g} jftf{–k|lqmof tTsfn cl3 a9\g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .

;QfkIfaf6 jftf{sf] jftfj/0f;d]t gaGb} tkfO{+x? lsg ;fj{hlgs x'g'ePsf] xf] <

    – zflGtk"0f{ jftf{sf] dfWodaf6 cu|ufdL /fhgLlts lgsf; vf]h]/ b]zdf ljBdfg ljs/fn ;d:ofx?sf] zL3| ;dfwfg xf]cf];\ eGg] Jofks hg;d'bfosf] rfxgf / tTsfn b]zsf] cfjZostfnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ To;sf] kIfdf Jofks hgbafj l;h{gf ug{ d2t k'uf];\ eg]/ g} pko'Qm jftf{sf] jftfj/0f gaGb} 7"nf] ;'/Iffsf] vt/f df]n]/ xfdL b'Zdgsf] lsNnfdf v'Nnf?kdf ;fj{hlgs ePsf 5f}+ .

tkfO{+x? jftf{sf] nflu xtfl/g' ePsf] t x}g <

    – xfdL jftf{sf] lglDt xtfl/Psf] geP/ b]z / hgtfk|ltsf] lhDd]jf/Laf]wn] k|]l/t eP/ / tTsfnLg kl/l:yltsf] j:t'ut cfjZostfg'?k g} jftf{–k|lqmofdfkm{t\ cu|ufdL /fhg}lts ;dfwfg vf]Hg cu|;/ ePsf xf}+ . Oltxf;sf] k|jfx / cfjZostfcg'?k sbd rfNg'nfO{ xtfl/g' elg+b}g, a? To;f] ug{ g;Sg' jf cfgfsfgL ug'{ u}/lhDd]jf/Lkg, h8tf / ?l9jfb x'G5 .

Pskl5 csf]{ ;kmntfsf ;fy o'4df ljho xfl;n ub}{ cl3 al9/x]sf] a]nf lsg tkfO{+x? olt w]/} nlrnf] eP/ jftf{df cfpg'ePsf] xf] <

    – lglZrt ?kdf xfdL o'4df xf/]/ jf cGo ?kn] sdhf]/ eP/ geO{ o'4df]rf{df Pskl5 csf]{ ;kmntf xfl;n ub}{ uO/x]sf] cj:yfdf g} olt nlrnf] eP/ jftf{lglDt tTk/ ePsf 5f}+ . To;df klxnf] sf/0f o'4sf] /0fg}lts ;Gt'ngdf ljsf;sf] cj:yfn] l;h{gf u/]sf] ljlzi7 ;Defjgf xf] eg] bf];|f] sf/0f /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o juL{o tyf /fhg}lts cGt/lj/f]w / b]zsf] ljlzi7 e"–/fhg}lts l:yltsf] ;xL cf“sng xf] . ;fy} cfTdut?kdf csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ kIf df–n]–dfjfb / k|r08kysf] j}1flgs lbzflgb]{z -h;n] /0fg}lts b[9tf / sfo{g}lts nrstfsf] k[i7kf]if0f u5{_ / dfly pNn]v ul/P em}+ b]z / hgtfsf] cfjZostf / cfsfª\Iffsf] cleJolQm xf] . ljhosf] cj:yfdf ckgfpg] nlrnf]kg g} /fhg}lts dxfgtf / b"/blz{tf x'G5 . xf/sf] cj:yfsf] …nrstfÚ ;xL cy{sf] nrstf geP/ sfo/tf / cfTd;dk{0f x'G5 .

tkfO{+x? jftf{k|lt olt w]/} k|lta4 / OdfGbf/ eP/ nfu] klg ;QfkIfaf6 o'4lj/fdsf] cfrf/;+lxtf ;d]tsf] pNn+3g eO/x]sf va/x? k|sfzdf cfO/x]sf 5g\ . of] l:yltdf jftf{–k|lqmof ;xh x'g ;Snf eGg] s'/fdf slQsf] ljZj:t x'g'x'G5 <

    – Oltxf;sf] k|jfx s;}sf] dgf]ut OR5fn] eGbf j:t'ut cfjZostfn] cl3 a9\g] u5{ . To;}n] j:t'ut kl/l:yltsf] afWotf / hg;d'bfosf] bjfjn] k'/fgf] ;QfkIf cGttM jftf{dfkm{t\ cu|ufdL /fhg}lts lgsf; vf]Hg ljjz aGg]5 eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfUb5 .

To;f] eP ca x'g] cf}krfl/s jftf{df tkfO{+x?sf] tkm{af6 k]z ul/g] /fhg}lts Ph]08fx?sf] ljifodf k|sfz kfl/lbg' x'G5 ls <

    – xfdLn] klxn]b]lv g} af/Daf/ ;fj{hlgs ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5f}+ ls ;a} kIf ;lDdlnt uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng, cGtl/d ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg ;efdfkm{t\ gof“ k|hftflGqs ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f g} k|:tfljt jftf{sf] k|d'v Ph]08f x'g'kb{5 .

uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng, cGtl/d ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg;efsf oL /fhg}lts Ph]08fx? c:ki6 5g\ eGg] ljleGg zlQmsf] egfOsf ;Gbe{df To;sf] cf}lrTonfO{ s;/L k'li6 ug'{x'G5 <

    – b]zdf xfn ljBdfg b'O{ ;Qf / tLg /fhg}lts zlQm -/fhfjfbL, ;+;bjfbL / qmflGtsf/L hgjfbL_ aLrsf] åGåsf] l:ylt / ut c;f]h !* ut] otfsf] ;+ljwfgxLgtf -k'/fgf] k|ltlqmofjfbL ;Qfsf] cy{df ;d]t_– sf] cj:yfdf ;a} kIf ;lDdlnt uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng, To;åf/f lgld{t cGtl/d ;/sf/ / To;sf] dftxtdf x'g] lgjf{rgn] agfPsf] ;+ljwfg ;efn] lgdf{0f ug]{ gof“ k|hftflGqs ;+ljwfgsf] cf}lrTo clnslt klg /fhg}lts ;'ema'em / OdfGbfl/tf x'g]sf] lglDt :jtM :ki6 5 eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfUb5 . clxn] k'/fgf] ;+;b lj36g eO;s]sf] / ;+ljwfgsf] j:t'tM d[To' eO;s]sf] l:yltdf b]zsf k|d'v /fhg}lts zlQmx?, ljleGg hftLo, If]qLo, ln¨Lo ;d"xx? / gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglwx? ;lDdlnt uf]nd]r ;Dd]ngn] g} cGtl/d ;+;bsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]/ cGtl/d ljwfg / cGtl/d ;/sf/sf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5 . To;kl5 lgjf{lrt ;+ljwfg ;efn] agfpg] k|hftflGqs ;+ljwfgn] clxn];Dd /fhfdf /x“b} cfPsf] elgPsf] …/fhsLo ;QfÚ (state authority) / d'vn] hgtfdf lglxt eg] klg Jojxf/tM /fhfn] ckx/0f ub}{ cfPsf] …;fj{ef}d;QfÚ (sovereignty) aLrsf] cGt/lj/f]w / c:ki6tfsf] cGTo u/]/ g]kfnL Oltxf;df klxnf]k6s g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ Jofjxfl/s ?kn] ;fj{ef}d agfpg]5 / k|hftGqnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg]5 . ljZjsf ;a} ;kmn k'“hLjfbL qmflGtx?n] ckgfPsf] of] af6f]sf] cf}lrTo / dxTj cfkm"nfO{ …k|hftGqjfbLÚ / …jfdkGyLÚ eGg] sltko zlQmx?n] ;d]t /fd|/L cfTd;ft\ ug{ g;Sg' 7"nf] lj8Dagfsf] ljifo ePsf] 5 . dl/;s]sf] ;+ljwfg Ao'“tfOlbg /fhfnfO{ xf/u'xf/ ug'{eGbf hgtfn] cfkm\g} kxndf gof“ cu|ufdL ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] af6f]df nfUg' a9L a[l4dQfk"0f{ xf]Og / <

/0fg}lts zlQm ;Gt'ngsf] of] cj:yfdf x'g] jftf{df ;a} kIfaLr ;xdlt x'g ;Sg] ;femf ljGb' s] x'g ;Snf <

    – tTsfn ljBdfg zlQm ;Gt'ngsf] cj:yfdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgdfkm{t\ g} hgtfnfO{ clwstd\ clwsf/;DkGg agfP/ eljiodf c? k|ultsf] lglDt dfu{ k|z:t x'g]5 eGg] xfd|f] kf6L{sf] 7x/ /x]sf] 5 . xfd|f] /0fg}lts nIo gof“ hgjfb / ;dfhjfb x'“b} ;fDojfbdf k'Ug] eP klg xfd|f] b]zsf] tTsfnLg 7f]; l:yltdf ;+ljwfg ;efn] cu|ufdL pkr/0fsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5 eg]/ ;f]Rg' lj1fg;Ddt / l;4fGtlgi7 s'/f g} x'G5, To;af/] cgfjZos 9+un] cfzª\lst x'g' jf csd{0o aGg' h8tf, oflGqstf / ?l9jfbL x'G5 .

tkfO{x?n] ljBdfg ;+;bLo Joj:yfsf] cGTo u/L gof“ hgjfbL /fHo;Qf :yfkgf ug]{ nIosf ;fy hgo'4 ;~rfng u/]sf] eP klg clxn] & jif{kl5 cfP/ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] kIfdf cfpg'sf] sf/0f s] xf] <

    – olta]nf ;a} kIfaLr ;xdlt x'g ;Sg] ;femf ;Demf}tfsf] ljGb' g} ;+ljwfg ;ef xf] . lsg ls To;df lg/ª\s'z /fhfjfbL, ;+j}wflgs /fhfjfbL / u0ftGqjfbL tLg}y/Ln] cfkm\gf ljrf/x?nfO{ hgtfaf6 cg'df]lbt ug]{ cj;/ kfpg]5g\ .

of] ;a}kIfaLrsf] ;femf ;xdltsf] Ph]08f x'g;S5 eGg] cfwf/ s] < cGo kIfn] o;afx]s c? s'g} cu|ufdL lgsf;sf of]hgfx? k]z u/]df To;nfO{ :jLsfg{ tkfO{+x? tof/ x'g'x'G5 <

    – tTsfn xfdL of] eGbf pko'Qm, cu|ufdL / ;j{;Ddltsf] csf]{ ljsNk b]lv/x]sf 5}gf}+ . olb s;}n] j:t';+ut 9+un] To:tf] ljsNk k]z ug{ ;S5 eg] xfdL To;af/] ax;–5nkmn ug{ tof/ 5f}+ .

jftf{–k|lqmofdf cGo ;+;bLo zlQmx?, ljleGg /fhg}lts ;d"x / gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf s] x'G5 < tL zlQmx?sf] ;d]t ;xeflutf u/fpg s:tf] kxn ePsf] 5 <

    – xfdL of] k|:tfljt jftf{–k|lqmofdf ;a} /fhg}lts zlQmx? / gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglwx?sf] ;d]t clwstd\ ;+nUgtf / ;xof]u x'g'kb{5 eGg] kIfdf 5f}+ . To;af/] xfd|f] kf6L{n] ;fj{hlgs cleJolQm lb+b} cfPsf] 5 / ljleGg kIfx?;“u jftf{–;Djfb ul//x]sf] 5 . To:tf] ;a} kIfsf] ;+nUgtf jf ;xof]usf] Jofjxfl/s cleJolQm jf ljlw s:tf] x'g] eGg]af/] rflx+ cem} 5nkmnsf] cfjZostf 5 .

o;af/] k"j{ e]63f6 / 5nkmnsf] qmddf pxf“x?sf] k|ltlqmof s:tf] /x]sf] kfpg'ePsf] 5 <

    – clxn];Dd xfdLn] g]kfnL sf+u|];, Pdfn]nufot ljleGg kf6L{x?, ;+3–;+:yfx? / gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglwx?aLr o;af/] 5nkmn ug]{ qmddf k|foM ;a} kIfx?af6 cToGt} ;sf/fTds k|ltlqmof kfPsf 5f}+ .

b'O{ aGb's ldn]/ cGo kIfnfO{ kfvf nufpg vf]h]sf] cf/f]k klg nufO“b}5 lg <

    – To:tf] cf/f]k kmut cfzª\sfdf cfwfl/t ljNs'n} tYoxLg cf/f]k xf] . jt{dfg lqkIfLo zlQm ;Gt'ngsf] l:yltdf s'g} Ps kIfnfO{ pk]Iff u/]/ jf kfvf nufP/ ;sf/fTds / :yfoL /fhg}lts ;dfwfg lg:sg} ;Sb}g eGg] xfd|f] kf6L{sf] :ki6 wf/0ff 5 .

clxn] s]xL kIfn] jftf{kZrft\ uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng s;n] af]nfpg], cGtl/d ;/sf/ s;sf] g]t[Tjdf u7g ug]{, b'a} kIfsf xltof/wf/L ;]gfsf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ug]{ tyf ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 cfPsf] kl/0ffdnfO{ dfGg] Uof/]l06 s;/L ug]{ eGg] h:tf k|Zgx? p7fPsf] b]lvG5 . o;af/] tkfO{x?sf] wf/0ff s] 5 <

    – d"n /fhg}lts ljifo jf uGtJodf ;xdlt sfod eO;s]kl5 tL ;a} k|fljlws kIfdf ;femf ;xdlt agfpg s'g} sl7gfO kg]{ 5}g eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfUb5 . clxn] s'g} Ps kIfsf] klg ;j{:jLs[t j}wflgstf jf k|flwsf/ g/x]sf] l:yltdf d'Vo tLgy/L /fhg}lts zlQmx?sf] ;femf ;xdltdf oL s'/fx?sf] ;xh} lgbfg x'g;Sb5 . of t ljNs'n} /fhg}lts ;'ema'em gePsf jf unt lgot ePsf tTjx?n] dfq o:tf k|fljlws s'/fx?nfO{ k|fyldstf lbP/ d"n /fhg}lts Ph]08fnfO{ ljifofGt/ ug]{ ePsfn] To;af/] ljz]if ;ts{ /xg xfdL ;a};“u cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ .

cGTodf hgfb]zdfkm{t\ s] ;Gb]z lbg rfxg'x'G5  <