sl7gfOx?sf] ;fdgf ub}{ cl3 a9\g' qmflGtsf] lgod xf]
– k|r08
g]kfndf ;fdGtjfb /
;fd|fHojfbsf lj?4 hgjfbL qmflGtsf] ;+ul7t kxn ePsf] ^ bzs k"/f
x'“b}5 . of] P]ltxfl;s k|lqmofdf g]kfnL qmflGtsf] ;xL sfo{lbzfsf] ljsf;
ug{ sl/a kf“r bzs nfdf] ju{—;+3if{ / ljrf/wf/fTds ;+3if{sf cg'ejx?Aff6 u'h|g'
k¥of] . ha g]kfnL hgjfbL qmflGtsf] ;xL sfo{lbzfsf ?kdf hgo'4sf] sfo{lbzf
ljsl;t eP/ To;sf] Jofjxfl/s sfof{Gjogsf] k|lqmof 7f];?kdf @)%@ ;fn kmfNu'0f !
ut]af6 cufl8 a9\of] tab]lv k'/fgf] ;Qf eTsfpg] / gof“ ;Qf lgdf{0f ug]{ k|lqmofn] u'0ffTds ult kS8g uof] .
dxfg\ hgo'4sf] P]ltxfl;s kxnb]lv cfh;Ddsf] ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ cjnf]sg ubf{ :ki6;“u
b]Vg ;lsG5 ls cfkm\gf] ljsf;qmddf 7"Nf7"nf sl7gfO{, Iflt / kL8fsf
clåtLo >[+vnfx?sf] ;fdgf u/]/ g} cfh of] uf}/jzfnL / r'gf}tLk"0f{
laGb';Dd cfOk'u]sf] 5 . qmflGtsf] ljho / pHHjn eljiosf lgldQ cem w]/}
sl7gfO{, Iflt / kL8fsf] ;fdgf ug{ tof/ /xg' ckl/xfo{ 5 .. lsgls qmflGt
;d]t k|s[lt, ;dfh / dfgj lrGtgsf ;du| kl/36gfx?sf] ljsf; ;xh / ;/n /]vfdf xf]Og
3'DtL, ptf/—r9fj / ljklQx?sf aLraf6 x'g' Pp6f ;fj{ef}d lgod xf] . Oltxf;df
hlt klg dxfg\ qmflGtx? ePsf 5g\ -h'g qmflGtx?sf] kl/0ffd g} dfgj hflt ljsf;sf]
cfhsf] cj:yf;Dd cfOk'u]sf] 5_, tL ;a} qmflGtx? ce"tk"j{ alnbfg,
sl7gfO{ / kL8f;“u cleGg ?kn] uf“l;Psf
5g\ .
k'/ftgdfly
g'tg xfjL x'g' k|s[ltsf] lgod xf] . k'/ftgdfly xfjL x'g] k|lqmofdf g'tgn]
cg]sf}+ sl7gfO{, xf/, Iflt / wSsfx?sf] ;fdgf ug{ afWo x'g' klg k|s[lts} lgod
xf] . dfS;{jfb—n]lggjfb—dfcf]jfbn] ljsf; ;DaGwL of] ;fj{ef}d ;RrfOnfO{
hLjGt ?kdf ;+Zn]if0f u/]sf] 5 . sd/]8 dfcf]T;]t'¨n] eGg' ePsf] 5, ægof“
rLhn] xd];f cfkm\gf] ljsf; qmddf sl7gfO{ / wSsfx?sf] cg'ej ug}{ kb{5 .
;dfhjfbsf] nIo lagf s'g} sl7gfO{ / wSsf, s8f d]xgt g} gu/L ;nn aUb} / ;lhn}
k|fKt x'G5 eGg] ;f]+Rg' Pp6f :j}/ sNkgf dfq xf] .Æ h;/L cfdfsf] ue{af6
hGdg] lzz'n] cfkm\gf] ljsf; qmddf y'k|} e"n, 7Ss/, rf]6k6s / sdhf]/Lsf
cg'ejaf6 l;Sb} Ps kl/kSj jo:s aGg k'Ub5 To;/L g} Oltxf;sf] ue{af6 hGdg] qmflGt
/ qmflGtsf/L zlQmsf] ljsf; klg cgluGtL e"n, 7Ss/, Iflt / sdhf]/Lsf
cg'ejaf6 lzIff ln+b} kl/kSj / ljhoL aGg k'Ub5 . Ps gjhft lzz'sf] x's{g] /
jo:s aGg] k|lqmofdf cleefjssf] x]/ljrf/sf] cfjZostf k5{, To;/L g} qmflGtsf]
ljhosf nflu ;xL ljrf/wf/fTds / /fhg}lts sfo{lbzf Pjd\ qmflGtsf/L kf6L{sf]
cfjZostf kb{5 .
k'/fgf]
;Qf, ljrf/ / ;+:sf/n] gof“ ;Qf, ljrf/ / ;+:sf/nfO{ slxNo} klg cfkm" v'zL
xfjL x'g lb+b}g . ;fdflhs k|ultdf j:t'ut?kn] afws alg;s]sf] k'/fgf] ;Qfn]
gof“ ;Qfsf] nflu ;lhn} 7f“p g5f]8\g] oyfy{df g} ;+3if{, k|lt/f]w / o'4sf]
clgjfo{tf cGtlg{lxt /x]sf] x'G5 . k'/fgfsf lj?4 gof“sf] o;k|sf/sf] ;+3if{,
k|lt/f]w / o'4n] xd];f sdhf]/af6 zlQmzfnL, ;/naf6 hl6n / zfl;taf6 zf;s aGg]
k|lqmofdf y'k|} cf/f]xcj/f]x, 3'DtL / df]8x?sf] cg'ej ug}{ kb{5 .. of]
l;+uf] k|lqmofdf gof“af6 sltko e"n / sltko ;Ldfx? tf]8\g] sfd klg clgjfo{
?kdf x'g k'Ub5g\ . cfbz{jfbLx?n] qmflGt / ljb|f]xsf] k|lqmofdf Pp6f klg
e"n / ;Ldf tf]8\g] sfd x'g} gx'g] s'/fsf] jsfnt ub{5g\ . åGåfTds
ef}ltsjfbLx?n] ;s];Dd e"n sd ug]{ t/ e"n / c;kmntfb]lv g8/fpg] s'/fsf]
kIfkf]if0f ub{5g\ . e"n / c;kmntfb]lv 8/fpg]x?n] slxNo} klg ;kmntf
xfl;n ug{ ;+ej 5}g . j:t'tM e"n / c;kmntfsf] ue{df g} ;kmntfsf]
s"+hL /x]sf] x'G5 . 7Ls To;sf/0fn] g} c;kmntfnfO{ ;kmntfsf] cfdf
elgG5 .
t/, lgDg
k"“hLjfbLx?n] qmflGtsf] ljsf; ;DaGwL of] ;/n / ;fj{ef}d åGåfTds lgodnfO{
slxNo} klg 7Ls 9+un] a'em\g ;Qm}gg\ . lgDg k"“hLjfbL lrGtgn] dgf]ut /
Psf+uL?kdf of qmflGtsf] ljsf; k|lqmofdf s]jn e"n, sl7gfO{, Iflt / kL8fdfq
b]Vb5 / xd];f cfTd;dk{0fjfbsf] kIfkf]if0f ub{5 jf qmflGtsf] pHHjn eljio /
ljhonfO{ dfq x]b{5 / d"v{tfk"0f{ b':;fx;jfbsf] kIfkf]if0f ub{5 .
;Rrf qmflGtsf/L dfS;{jfbLx?n] To;k|sf/sf dgf]ut / clwe"tjfbL lrGtgsf lj?4
lg/Gt/ ;+3if{ ub}{ qmflGtsf] ljho / sl7gfO{x?sf] ckl/xfo{ ;fdgfsf aLrsf]
åGåfTds ;DaGwnfO{ cfTd;ft ub{5g\ . qmflGtsf] ljsf; ;DaGwL oxL j}1flgs
dfGotfnfO{ ;+Zn]lift?kdf s=dfcf]n], æeljio pHHjn 5 t/ af6f] sl7gfO{x?n] el/Psf]
5Æ eGg' ePsf] 5 .
d'vn]
qmflGtsf] s'/f ug]{ t/ Jojxf/df k|ltqmflGtsf] ;]jf ug]{ g]kfnsf s}of}+ lgDg
k"“hLjfbLx?sf cg';f/ qmflGtdf sxL+, st}+ e"n / sdhf]/L x'g' x'+b}g,
hgo'4df dflg;sf] /ut aUg x'“b}g, s'g} tf]8kmf]8 / cft+s x'g' x'+b}g cflb
cflb .. o;k|sf/sf] ;f]+r /fVg]x?sf b[li6df qmflGt / o'4sf] ljsf; k|lqmof,
lzi6, eb|, gfk]tf}n]sf], ;xh, ;/n, ;+oldt / lagf alnbfgsf] xg' kb{5 . :ki6
5 ls To;k|sf/sf] ;f]+rn] ljsf; ;DaGwL åGåfTds tyf P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfbsf]
cfwf/e"t dfGotfsf ljkl/t P]ltxfl;s cfbz{jfbsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . o:t}
;f]+rnfO{ k|xf/ ub}{ s=dfcf]n], æqmflGt s'g} ef]h et]/ xf]Og============== of]
TolQ lzi6 / ;+oldt x'+b}gÆ eGg] k|l;4 k|:yfkgf cl3 ;fg'{ ePsf] lyof] ..
cGttM qmflGtsf ;DaGwdf dgf]ut / cfbz{jfbL wf/0ff /fVg] lgDg k"“hLjfbL
tTjx? s;/L ;fdGtjfb / ;fd|fHojfbsf] ;]js ag]/ hgtf / qmflGtsf lj?4 v8f x'“bf
/x]5g\ eGg] s'/f g]kfndf xfdLn] /fd|f];+u b]lv/x]sf 5f}+ .
j:t'ut
hLjgdf qmflGtsf] ljsf;, Tofu, tk:of, jL/tf / alnbfgsf aLraf6 g} cufl8
a9\b5 . k|lts[ofjfbLx?sf] Zj]t cft+s / qmflGtsf/Lx?sf] nfncft+s cfk;df
6s/fp“b} o;n] jf:tljs ult lnO/x]sf] x'G5 . ljut * jif{sf] hgo'4sf] ljsf;
k|lqmofn] 7Ls oxL j}1flgs af6f] kS8]/ cfPsf] 5 . o;aLraf6 g]kfnL hgtfsf
xhf/f}+ ;j{>]i7 5f]/f5f]/Lx?sf] alnbfg / nfvf}+sf] tk:ofsf] kl/0ffd g} cfh
g]kfnL hgo'4 ;fd|fHojfbL ljZj Joj:yfsf] Pp6f j}slNks w'|jsf?kdf :yflkt x'+b}+
uPsf] 5 . of] k|lqmofdf sof}+ e"n, c;kmntf / sdhf]/Lx?af6 lzIff ln+b}
of] ljsl;t ePsf] 5 . alnof] k|ltqmflGtnfO{ hGd lb+b} / To;sf lj?4sf]
;+3if{åf/f cfkm}nfO{ kl/kSj t'Nofp“b} cufl8 a9\g' qmflGtsf] lgod xf] eGg] sfn{
dfS;{sf] j}1flgs lgisif{ cg';f/ g} of] b'Zdgsf Pskl5 csf]{ Zj]t cft+ssf]
k|lt/f]w ub}{ cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df s=dfcf]n] ug'{ePsf] ;'k|l;4
lgDg ;+Zn]if0fnfO{ k|To]s qmflGtsf/Lx?n] ulx/f];+u cfTd;ft ug'{ kb{5, æu8a8L
dRrfpg', c;kmn x'g', km]/L u8a8L dRrfpg', km]l/ c;kmn x'g'===================
cfkm' gi6 gx'“bf;Dd To;f] ul//xg' ;fd|fHojfb / ljZjel/sf k|lts[ofjfbLx?n]
hgtfk|lt ug]{ cfr/0f xf] / plgx? slxNo} klg Tof] cfr/0fsf] lj?4
hf“b}gg\ .. of] Pp6f dfS;{jfbL lgod xf] .Æ æ;+3if{ ug'{ c;kmn x'g',
km]l/ ;+3if{ ug'{ km]l/ c;kmn x'g', km]l/ ;+3if{ ug'{==================
cfkm\gf] ljho gx'+bf;Dd To;f] ul//xg' hg;d'bfosf] cfr/0f xf] / pgLx? klg of]
cfr/0fsf lj?4 slxNo} hf“b}gg\ . of] csf]{ dfS;{jfbL lgod xf] .Æ
;fdfGotM g]kfnL hgjfbL qmflGt / ljz]iftM g]kfnL hgo'4sf] ljsf;qmdn] 7Ls oxL
dfS;{jfbL lgodnfO{ kfng ul//x]sf] 5 .
clxn]
g]kfnL hgo'4 /0fg}lts ;Gt'ngaf6 k|Tofqmd0fdf hfg] tof/Lsf] r/0fdf 5 .
ljsf;sf] of] cToGt u+eL/ r/0f ePsfn] ljZj ;fd|fHojfbsf gfOs]x? g} o;sf lj?4 cem
7"nf] Zj]t cft+s dRrfpg] if8oGqdf nflu/x]sf 5g\ . dxfg\ hgo'4sf cufl8
To;nfO{ w'nf]lk7f] kfg]{ uf}/jzfnL / r'gf}tLk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L cfPsf]
5 . xfdLn] cfkm\gf] ljrf/, o'4 /0fgLlt, sfo{z}nL / hgtf;“usf] ;DaGwnfO{
cemdfly p7fpg h?/L 5 . oxf“ eGg vf]lhPsf] d'Vo s'/f of] xf] ls hgo'4 /
qmflGtnfO{ ljho;Dd k'¥ofpgsf nflu cem w]/} sl7gfO{x?sf] ;fdgf ug{, cem w]/}
d]xgt ug{ tyf cem w]/} alnbfgsf lgldQ tof/ /xg h?/L 5 . af6f] hlt;'s} sl7g
eP klg hgtfsf] hLt ;'lglZrt 5 . ¥
zxLb–ufyf
s0ff{nLsf j:tLdf s= ljzfn
ju{ ljeflht
;dfhnfO{ ju{ ljxLg agfpgsf] lgldQ hgo'4sf] cf“wLdo jif{x?df xhf/f}+ hgg]tf,
sfo{stf{, hg;]gf / y'k|} hgsnfsf/x?n] cfkm\gf] cd"No hLjgnfO{ b]z /
hgtfsf] kIfdf ;dlk{t ul/;s]sf 5g\ .
hLjgnfO{
a'em\g / abNg ;a}n] ;Sb}g . h;n] hLjg / hutnfO{ a'em\5 To:tf JolQmx?n] dfq
x/]s sl7gfO{sf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Sb5g\ . psfnf]kl5 cf]/fnf], /fd|f] g/fd|f],
;'vdf b'Mv h;n] of] åGåfTds k|s[ofnfO{ a'em\g ;Sb}g jf:tjd} Tof] Go"g
r]tgf cyjf Psnsf6]kg xf] . x/]s j:t'nfO{ åGåfTds kf6f]n] a'em\g] / abNg
vf]Hg] alb{ofnL e"ldsf] ;fwf/0f ls;fg kl/jf/df hlGdPsf Ps qmflGtsf/L of]4f
x'g\ – k'ik/fh rf}w/L -s= ljzfn_ .
pxf“sf]
k[i7e'ldnfO{ sf]6\ofP/ x¥of}+ eg] j}wflgssfnaf6} kf6L{nfO{ y'k|} ;xof]u ;dy{g
ub}{ cfpg' ePsf] lyof] . @)%@ ;fndf d'lQm jf d[To'sf] s;d vf“b} pxf“
d'lQmo'4df ;dfj]z x'g' eof] . o'4df x'g] ljleGg ptf/–r9fjnfO{ kf/ ub}{
cfpg]qmddf @)%& ;fn >fj0f dlxgfdf ;'v]{tsf] l5~r'af6 pxf“ lu/km\tf/ kg'{
eof] . y'k|} oftgfkZrft\ ;'v]{tsf]
sf/fuf/df /flvof] .
g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_
n] b]zel/ zfxL ;}lgsdfly cfqmd0f u/] kZrft\ ;/sf/n] ;+s6sfn nufof] . /,
;+s6sfndf y'k|} lgxTyf hgtfsf] xTof u¥of] . y'k|} ufp“j:tLdf cfuf] nufpg],
r]lnj]6LnfO{ anfTsf/ ug]{ sfd u¥of] . jf:tjd} p;sf] sfo{ eg]sf] bGs]sf]
cfuf]df £o" xfNg] l;jfo c? s]xL klg lyPg . dfn]dfjfb / k|r08kysf]
;f}o{ / jL/tf t @)%* df3 @ ut]sf] /ftdf P]ltxfl;s ;'v]{tsf] h]n a|]sn] 5n{Ë
kfl/lbof] . Tof] P]ltxfl;s h]n a|]sn] /fli6«o ?kdf dfq geP/ cGt/fli6«o
?kd} Pp6f sLlt{dfg sfod u¥of] . Tof] P]ltxfl;s h]n a|]sdf #) hgfdWo] s=
ljzfn klg Ps x'g'x'GYof] . klxn]b]lv g} kf6L{sf] lhDd]jf/ ;b:o ePs} sf/0f
ljzfn nufot %÷^ hgf sd/]8x?n] Toxf“ cem dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
v]Ng'eof] . cGttM Tof] ;kmn klg eof] .
h]n a|]s
k5fl8 ;a} sd/]8x? ;s'zn ;fy kf6L{sf] ;Dks{df cfpg' eof] . /, xfdL klg
cToGt} v'zL eof}+ . sd/]8 ljzfn;“u t cem} w]/} nfdf] ;fy sfd ug]{ ;f}efUo
klg kfOof] . e]s If]qsf] P]ltxfl;s sfo{ef/ k"/f ug{sf] lglDt Pp6f
cleofg ;+rfng z'? eof] h'g cleofg gof“ 5nfË cleofg lyof] . ToxL cleofgdf
sd/]8 ljzfn nufot xfdLn] klg cleofgdf ;f+:s[lts df]rf{sf] lhDdf kfPsf
lyof}+ . Tof] cleef/fnfO{ k"/f ug{ h;/L xfdL cfkm\gf]–cfkm\gf]
sfo{If]qdf ljs]lGb|t ePsf lyof}+, sfo{qmd ;lsPkl5 ;dLIffdf s]lGb|t eof}+ . /dfOnf–g/fdfOnf / tLtf–dL7f cg'e"ltx?
;f6f;f6 u¥of}+ . ;dLIffsf] ;dfkgkl5 If]qLo e]s ;f“:s[lts ;+ud kl/jf/sf] lgdf{0f
x“'b}5 eGg] s'/f sd/]8af6 yfxf eof] . clg t xfdLnfO w]/} sf}t'xntfsf]
ljifo aGof] .
@)%(÷^÷@^
ut] e]s ;f+:s[lts ;+udsf] e]nf eof] . ;f] e]nfn] sd/]8 ljzfnsf] cWoIftfdf
!& ;b:oLo sld6L rog u¥of] . P]ltxfl;s h'Dnf sfjf{xLsf] nflu hfh/sf]6df
hgd'lQm ;]gf g]kfnsf] kmd]{zg s]lGb|t eof] . Tof] kmd]{zgnfO{ ;+ud
kl/jf/n] sfo{qmd lbof] . sfo{qmd lbPkZrft\ xfdL klxnf] a6flnog;+u}
xft]dfnf] ub}{ hfh/sf]6sf] /fdL8f“8faf6 h'Dnftkm{ psfnf] nfUof}+ jf:tjd} Pp6}
8«];df, Pp6} xltof/df ;';lHht hg;]gfx?sf] nfd b]Vbf d t 5Ss g} k/] .
nfdnfO{ cufl8 uP/ x]bf{ Tof] nfd sldnfsf] tf“tL h:t} b]lvGYof] . Toltv]/
xfdL ;a}sf] lbdfudf h'Dnfsf] vn+uf gflr/xGYof] . Tof] hgd'lQm ;]gfsf]
5nkmnn] t cem} cfqmf]; yKYof] .
Psflt/
:jo+;]jssf] nfOg, csf]{ hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] nfOg x]bf{ t cem cfqmf]z / jlnbfgsf]
efj pn]{]/ cfp“Yof] . xf“:b}–/dfp“b} hfg]qmddf af6f] sf6]sf] klg yfxf
x'Gy]g\ . emf]nfdf /fv]sf] ;ft' / kfgL Pp6f Knfli6s sfuhdf 3f]n]/ vf“bf
cs{} cfgGb cfp“Yof] . lsgls xfdL eLif0f o'4df lyof}+ . ;ft'sf] kmfsf];“u}
Tof] kmd]{zg h'Dnfsf] 6f]knfdf k'Uof] . 6f]knfdf ;a} sd/]8x?n] ;a}sf]
Sofd/fdf kmf]6f] lvRg' eof] / xfd|f] ;f+:s[lts ;+ud klg Tof] Sofd/fdf s}b
eof] .. lsgls xfdL ;a} n8fO{df hfb} lyof} sf] sltv]/ zxLb x'g] xf] s;}nfO{
klg yfxf lyPg .
clGtd KjfOG6
eg]sf] h'Dnfsf] lsNnL rf}/ lyof] . Tof] 7fp“af6 %÷^ 306f lx+8]kl5
@)%(÷&÷@* ut] /ftdf k|lts[ofjfbL zf;ssf ef8fsf ;]gf;+u hgd'lQm ;]gfn]
eLif0f cfqmd0f u¥of] . xfd|f] kf6L{sf] nIf eg]sf] k|lts[ofjfbLsf] /fhg}lts
cv8f, sfof{nox?nfO{ Wj:t ug]{ lyof] . hf] xfd|f] kf6L{n] /fhg}lts ?kdf
ljho k|fKt u¥of] . /, P]ltxfl;s h'Dnfsf] kmf}hL sfjf{xLn] b'Zdgsf]
of]hgfnfO{ rsgfr'/ kf¥of] . ;fy} b]zL–ljb]zL k|lts[ofjfbL zf;s ju{x?sf]
dxndf e"sDk NofOlbof] .
To;kl5 xfdLx? P]ltxfl;s kmf}hL sfjf{xLsf] ;dLIff ub}{
lxp“df kf}8L v]Nb} sfjf{xLdf pRr jlnbfg lbg'x'g] zxLbsf] :d/0f, abnf / cfqmf]z
a6'Nb} hfh/sf]6sf] 9f/ ufp“df cWoIf ljzfn nufot ;a} snfsf/x? s]lGb|t
eof}+ . kmf}hL sf/jfxLdf hf“bf k|ToIf /0fd}bfgdf ;xefuL x'“bf / cfp“bfsf]
tLtf–dL7f cg'e"lt /fVg] sfd eof] . To;kl5 klg sd/]8 ljzfn;“u w]/}
;do;Dd ;fy /x\of}+ . kf6L{sf] cfjZostf cg';f/ ;+ud kl/jf/ ljs]lGb|t x'g]
eGg] of]hgf aGof] . clg dnfO{ ljs]lGb|t lsg x'g] sf}t'xntfsf] ljifo aGof]
/ d}n] ljzfnnfO{ ;fw]+ . pxf“n] xfdL lhNnf–lhNnfdf uP/ snfsf/nfO{ 6«]lgË
ub}{5f}+ eGg' eof] . /, ;f]xL cg';f/, sf]xL 8f]Nkf, sf]xL b}n]v, sf]xL
x'Dnf hfg'eof] .. t/ ljzfn 3/ e]63f6 / ljxfgL ;f+:s[lts kl/jf/nfO{ 6]«lgË
lbg] eg]/ alb{of k'Ug' eof] .
;f]xL cg';f/ pxf“sf] hLjg;fyL ;Demgf / ljzfn 3/ e]63f6 u/]/
lkmtf{ x'g] qmddf crfgs jlb{ofdf b'Zdgsf] 3]/fdf kg'{eof] . 3]/fkl5 b'O{
hgfnfO{ y'k|} oftgf lbb}+ s= ljzfnsf] 3/df k'¥ofOof] . pxf“sf] cfdfn]
ljzfnnfO{ kfgL lbg' eof] .. Tof] kfgL lkpg klg lbPg . y'k|} oftgf
afjh'b pxf“n] kf]n gvf]n]kl5 sd/]8 ljzfnnfO{ alb{ofsf] e"lddf
lgd{dtfk"j{s xTof ul/of] .
xfdL;+u g s'g} bfOefOsf] gftf 5 g t s]xL n]gb]g 5 . h] 5
juL{o dfof / Pp6} nIo p2]Zo 5 . sd/]8 ljzfnn] eGg'x'GYof] ls xfdLx? hgtfsf
hgsnfsf/ xf}+, xfd|f ;lxTosnf o'4sf pTk|]/s
x'g . k|ltqmflGtsf lj?4 n8\g] t/jf/ x'g\ .. To; sf/0f xfdLn]
Psyf]kf /ut /x'~h]n;Dd xfd|f snf, unf, ;flxTo sndnfO{ slxNo} klg /f]Sg'
x“'b}g . casf] kl/l:ylt lxhf]sf] eGbf leGg 5, cfGbf]ngn] Ps kl5 csf]{ 5nfË
dfb}{5 . hg;Qfx? tLa| ?kdf ljsf; ub}{5g\ eg] csf]{lt/ hgtfsf v'g, kl;gf
vfP/ /dfpg] k|lts[ofjfbL zf;s ju{x? Pskl5 csf]{ ub}{ ;vfk x“'b}5g\ . To;
sf/0f o:tf]j]nf xfd|f ;flxTo snf / unfn] klg o'4sf] pRrtf;“u} hf]8\g'k5{ .
xfd|f] uLt, g[To hgtfsf] lha|f] / cfvf“df /fVg ;Sg'k5{ .
d'ntM
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/ hgtfsf] kIfdf, cfGbf]ngsf] kIfdf snd rnfpg] s'zn snfsf/nfO{ k|lts[ofjfbL zf;s
ju{n] cft+ssf/L 3f]if0ff u/]/ kmf“;L lbPsf] 5 . o;n] s] a'emfp“5 eg]
pgLx?n] sfo/tfk"0f{ n8fO{ n8\b}5g\ . Pshgf ljzfnnfO{ dfb}{df xfd|f]
;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGt /f]lsb}+g\ . ljzfnsf] 7fp“df cfGbf]ngdf ;of}+ ljzfn
hlGdg] 5g\, ljzfnn] aufPsf] /utaf6 xhf/f}+ xhf/ snfsf/ hlGdg] 5g\ . ¥
g]kfnL /fhgLltsf
cfwf/e"t k|Zgx?
8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{
Gf]kfnL /fhgLlt oltj]nf ljut ;jf b'O{ ;o jif{sf]
s]Gb«Lo /fHo;Qfsf] Oltxf;df ;a}eGbf uDeL/ df]8af6 u'lh|/x]sf] 5 . To;}n]
d]rLb]lv dxfsfnL / t/fO{b]lv lxdfn;Ddsf jfnsb]lv j[¢;Dd b]zsf] /fhgLltjf/]
cf–cfÎg} 9+usf] ax; / cGt/lqmofdf ;+nUg 5g\ . t/, z'?b]lv /fHo;Qf sAhf
u/]/ a;]sf /fhf / /fhgLltsf] g]t[Tj ug]{ /fhg}lts kf6L{sf g]tf eg] /fhgLltsf
cfwf/e"t k|Zgx?dfly ax; / Wofg s]lGb«t ug{'eGbf tfTsflns lEfmgfdl;gf /
k|lqmofut ljifox?lt/ ax; df]8]/ ;d:of n'sfpg] / oyfl:ylt sfod ug]{ c;Dej k|oTg
ul//x]5g\ . of] l:yltdf ljut cf7 jif{sf] hgo'¢ / xfn}sf] jftf{ k|s/0fn]
s]Gb«df NofOlbPsf / cfufdL lbgdf xn gu/L gx'g] g]kfnL /fhgLltsf cfwf/e"t
k|Zgx?dfly ;"qj¢ / ;+lIfKt 5nkmn ug'{ oxf“ ;fGble{s 7flgPsf] 5 .
/fhtGqsf]
k|Zg
;dsfnLg g]kfnL /fhgLltsf] s]Gb«Lo k|Zg /fhtGq / nf]stGq \aLrsf]
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/fhfjfbL, ;+;bjfbL / qmflGtsf/L hgjfbL u/L tLg zlQm jLrsf] k|lt:kwf{ h:tf]
b]lvP klg leqL ;f/tTj jf cGto{df d'Vo /fhg}lts cGt/lj/f]w clxn] klg /fhtGq /
nf]stGqaLrdf g} xf] . @))& ;fnb]lvsf] /fhg}lts 36gfqmd / xfn} kf“rj6f
;+;bjfbL bnx?åf/f k|:t't !* a'“b] sfo{qmd tyf ut j}zfv !$ ut] k|yd r/0fsf]
jftf{sf] qmddf xfdL dfcf]jfbL qmflGtsf/Lx?sf] tkm{af6 k|:t't Go"gtd
/fhg}lts Ph]08fsf] ;"Id cWoog ug]{ hf] s;}n] of] s'/f /fd|/L a'‰g
;Sb5 . qmflGtsf/L hgjfbL / ;+;bjfbL zlQmx?aLrdf xfd|f] tTsfnLg /fli6«o
;Gbe{df nf]stGqsf] df]8]n s:tf] x'g] eGg] ljifodf dtleGgtfx? eP klg ;a}vfn]
nf]stGqsf] lglDt k/Dk/fut ;fdGtL lg/+s'ztfjfbL /fhtGq g} d'Vo jfws / b'Zdg xf]
eGg]af/] s'g} dtleGgtf 5}g / x'g ;Sb}g . k/Gt' ljut cfwf ztfJbLb]lvsf]
nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] lj8Djgf of] /x“b} cfPsf] 5 ls b'O{ yl/
nf]stGqjfbL -cyf{t\ qmflGtsf/L hgjfbL / ;+;bjfbL _ zlQmx?n] d'Vo ;fEfmf b'Zdg
/fhtGqsf] lj?¢ ;+3if{ s]lGb«t ug'{ eGbf klg Pp6f jf csf]{ jxfgfdf cfk;df le8\g]
jf ;z+lst jg]/ slxNo} gldNg] / k|sf/fGt/n] /fhtGqnfO{ g} ceobfg lbg] uNtL
ul//x]5g\ . ljut krf; jif{df oltj]nf /fhtGq ;aeGbf sdhf]/ / jbgfd ePsf]
tyf ;+;bjfbL / qmflGtsf/L hgjfbL zlQmx? d'vn] dfq xf]Og sfo{qmlds lx;fjn] g}
/fhtGqsf] lj?¢df a9L glhs x'g k'u]sf] cj:yfdf sltko cGt/f{li6«o zlQmx?n]
;+;bjfbLx?nfO{ k'g M nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngjf6 km'6fP/ /fhtGq;dIf cfTd;dk{0f
u/fpg] h'g if8\oGqd"ns b':k|of; ul//x]5g\ To;nfO{ a]n}df 7DofP/ k/f:t ug{
cfh ;j} nf]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]stflGqs zlQmx? Psh'6 x'g'k/]sf] 5 .
sltkon] g]kfnsf] ljlzi6 e"–/fhg}lts ;Gbe{df /fli6«o
cv08tf / :jfwLgtf sfod /fVg /fhtGqsf] cem} klg cf}lrTo 5 / To;nfO{ …;+j}wflgs
/fhtGqÚ sf] ?kdf hLljt /fVg' pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] h'g lh/x ub{5g\ Tof] ljNs'n}
j:t';+ut / ts{;+ut 5}g . lsgls, klxnf] s'/f t ;fgf;fgf e'/]6fs'/] /fHo
sljnfO{x?nfO{ ank"j{s ldr]/ s]GbL«o ;fdGtL /fHo;Qf lgdf{0f ug]{ qmddf
/fhtGqsf] h'g g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf x'g ;SbYof] clxn] nf]stflGqs 9+un] gof“
cfwf/df gof“ /fli6«o Pstf sfod u/]/ j}b]lzs ;fd|fHojfbL / lj:tf/jfbL x:tIf]k /
cltqmd0fsf] k|lt/f]w ub}{ /fli6«o cv08tf / :jfwLgtf sfod ug'{kg]{
k"“hLjfbL / ;dfhjfbL o'udf /fhtGqjf6 Tof] e"ldsf c;Dej dfq xf]Og
k|To'Tkfbs ;d]t x'G5 .. ckjfb :j?k sltko t]>f]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ljZjsf
d'n'sx?df k/Dk/fut /fhtGqdf af“sL /x]sf] ;fdGtL /fi6«jfbn] ljb]zL cfqmd0fsf]
a]nf qmflGtsf/L b]zeQmx?nfO{ s]xL ;xof]uL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ ;Defjgf /x]
klg xfd|f] ;Gbe{df ;fdfGotM ;'uf}nL ;lGw otf / d'Vo?kdf s'Voft gf/fo0flx6Lsf08
otf /fhtGq pN6} ljb]zL k|ltlqmofjfbL zlQmx?sf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] bnfn ag]sf]
7f]; P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{df ca klg /fhtGqnfO{ …/fli6«otfsf] k|tLsÚ dfGg'eGbf
7"nf] d"v{tf c? s]xL x'g} ;Sb}g . oxf“g]/ d'Vo Wofg lbg'kg]{
s'/f s] xf] eg] g]kfnsf] jt{dfg …/fhtGqÚ
-jf gj–/fhtGq_ sf] d"n leqL rl/q bnfn k“"hLjfbL alg;s]sf] /
To;n] jflx/ hgtfnfO{ e|d lbg dfq} ;fdGtL /fi6«jfbsf] cfj/0f le/]sf] x'gfn] ca
To;jf6 s'g} klg ;fd|fHojfb / lj:tf/jfb lj/f]wL e"ldsf ;Dej x'“b}
x“'b}g . cfh /fhtGqsf] kIfdf b]zleqsf hgtf / /fhg}lts zlQmx?eGbf klg
ljb]zL k|ltlqmofjfbL zlQmx? a9L pQfpnf] k|sf/n] b]vfkg'{n] /fhtGqsf] c;nL bnfn
rl/q k|:6 ?kn] pbf+luPsf] 5 .
bf]>f] s'/f, cf}Bf]lus k"“hLjfbsf] hu ga;]sf
xfd|f] h:tf] t]>f] ljZjsf cw{–;fdGtL tyf cw{–cf}klgj]l;s b]zx?df sxL+ klg
zf:qLo cy{sf] …;+j}wflgs /fhtGqÚ sfod ePsf] 5}g / x'g ;Sb}g . lsgls
P]ltxfl;s ?kn] …;+j}wflgs /fhtGqÚ sf] :yfkgf ;fdGtjfb lj?¢ ljhoL k"“hLklt
ju{n] cfÎgf] g]t[Tjdf / cfÎg} lxt /Iff lglDt u/]sf] xf] / ;fdGtjfb;+u ofrgf
u/]/ …;+j}wflgs /fhtGqÚ sfod u5{' eGg' Pp6f levf/Ln] eLv dfu]/ uugr'DjL dxn v8f
ug]{ ;kgf b]Vg' h:t} xf] . km]l/ Oltxf;df cfh;Dd sxL+ klg /fhf cfkm}n]
lbPsf] ;+ljwfg cGtu{t …;+j}wflgsÚ eP/
/x]sf] 5}g / ;fj{ef}d hgtfn] agfPsf] ;+ljwfg cGt{ut dfq} /fhf …;+j}wflgsÚ
x'g;S5 . t/, xfdL sxf“ ;fj{ef}d hgtfn] ;+ljwfg agfpg] ;jf]{Qd ljlw ;+ljwfg
;efnfO{ @))& ;fnb]lv lg/Gt/ ?kdf nTofP/ /fhtGqn] cfkm" ;Rrf cy{df
…;+j}wflgsÚ eP/ g/xg] b[9tf Jojxf/t M k'li6 ul/;s]sf] 5 . To;}n]
sy+sbflrt\ Pp6f ljlzi6 P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{df /fhtGqnfO{ cfd /fli6«o ;xdltn]
…;+j}wflgsÚ agfP/ /fVg] kl/sNkgf ug]{ xf] eg] klg ;aeGbf klxn] To;nfO{ hg;+3if{sf]
andf u2Laf6 v;fn]/ dfq kl5 ;fj{ef}d hgtfn] agfPsf] ;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/df /fVg
;lsG5 . t/, ljGtLkq / cg'goljgosf] e/df clxn]sf] lg/+s'z /fhtGqnfO{
…;+j}wflgsÚ agfpg] sNkgf ug{' 3f]/ d"v{tf / cfTd3ftL sbd dfq x'g] ;':ki6
5 .
hxf“;Dd
xfdL qmflGtsf/L hgjfbLx?n] cfÎgf] 3f]lift u0ftGqsf] sfo{qmd 5“bf5“b} b'O{÷b'O{
k6s;Dd /fhtGqfTds ;Qf;“u zflGt–jftf{ u/]sf] s'/f 5, Tof] eLif0f hgo'¢af6 cflh{t
z:qan / hgandf cfwfl/t eP/ b]zsf] ljlzi6 e"–/fhg}lts cjl:ylt / ljBdfg
/fhg}lts zlQm ;Gt'ngnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ zflGtk"0f{ 9+un] k"0f{
nf]stGqsf] lbzfdf cl3 j9\g] lhDd]bf/Lk"0f{ / OdfGbf/ kxn lyof] .
xfd|f] lgMzt{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] k|:tfjsf] cf}lrTo / dd{ cfkm"nfO{ …ckl/jt{gLoÚ
jf …ckl/xfo{ cfwf/Ú dfGg] /fhtGqnfO{ ;fj{ef}d hgtfsf] s73/fdf pleP/ cfÎgf]
eljiosf] 5gf}6 ug{ v'nf r'gf}tL lyof] . xfdLn] cGTo;Dd ;+ljwfg;efsf]
k|Zgdf c8fg lng'sf] cy{ klg /fhtGqsf]
s“'hL k|ZgnfO{ ;bfsf] lglDt xn u/]/ k"“hLjfbL nf]stGqnfO{ k"0f{tf
lbg' lyof] . ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{qmdn] ;+;bjfbLx?sf !*–a“'bfnfO{ :jtM
;d]6\g] t/ !*–a“'b] sfo{qmdn] xfdLåf/f k|:t't ;+ljwfg;ef ;lxtsf Go"gtd
/fhg}lts Ph]08fnfO{ ;d]6\g g;Sg] ePsfn] xfd|f] zflGt–jftf{ k|lqmofjf6 c?
nf]stflGqs zlQmx? ;z+lst x'g'kg]{ s'g} sf/0f lyPg / eljiodf klg x'g
;Sb}g .
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;Dk"0f{ /fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts ljs[lt / lj;+ultsf]
s]Gb«ljGb' ag]sf] ;fdGtL lg/+s'z / bnfn /fhtGqnfO{ ;d"n gi6 gu/L b]zdf
s'g} klg df]8]nsf] nf]stGqsf] :yfkgf / b]z / hgtfsf] ;'/Iff / k|ult ;Dej
5}g . ;fy} ;jf b'O{ ;o jif{b]lv lg/Gt/ ?kdf /fHo;Qf sAhf u/]/ a;]sf]
/fhtGqdfly d"n jx; s]lGb«t gu/L c?dfly bf]if yf]kg{ vf]Hg' 6fpsf] b'v]sf]
cf}ifwL gfO6fdf nufpg' h:t} xf] .
;z:q ;]gfsf] k|Zg
bf]>f]
7"nf] cfwf/e"t k|Zg ;z:q ;]gfsf] k|Zg xf], lsgls s'g} klg /fHo;Qfsf] d]?b08 eg]sf] ;z:q ;]gf
xf] . cem} ;f/df eGg'kbf{ /fHo;Qf eg]sf] g} ;z:q ;]gf xf] . ;z:q ;]gf
ljgfsf] /fHo;Qf g Oltxf;df klxn] slxNo} lyof] g eljiodf x'g]jfnf 5 . xfd|}
b]zsf] ;Gbe{df klg k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] g]t[Tjdf s]Gb«Lo /fHo;Qfsf] lgdf{0f ;z:q
;]gfs} andf ePsf] xf] . h+uaxfb'/n] /f0ffzf;gsf] ;"qkft ;z:q ans}
e/df u/]sf x'g / @)!& ;fn x'“b} clxn];Dd /fhtGqn] k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf] slyt
/fhsLo ;Qfsf] d'Vo cfwf/ zfxL ;]gf g} xf] . To;/L g} cd]l/sL :jtGqtf
;+u|fd, km|fG;]nL k“"hLjfbL qmflGt, ?;L / rLgL ;j{xf/fjfbL qmflGt nufot
ljZjsf ;j} o'ufGtsf/L kl/jt{gx? ;z:q ;]gf / o'¢sf] andf g} ePsf x'g\ . To;}n]
dfcf]n] ;6Ls 9+un] eGg'ePsf] lyof]–…/fHo;Qfsf] hGd aGb'ssf] gfnaf6 x'G5Ú .
t/ cfh
ljZjdf / g]kfndf 3f]/ lj8Djgf s] xf] eg] ;z:q ansf] e/df cfÎgf] gfhfoh /fHo;Qf
l6sfpg] / ljZje/ bfbflu/L dRrfpg]x? g} nf]stGqsf of]¢fx?nfO{ lg/k]If …zflGtÚ
sf] pkb]Zf lbO/x]5g\ / To;df d'VotM xfd|f ;+;bjfbL zlQmx? csd{0otfdf
nl¶O/x]5g\ . b]zleq oltj]nf /fhtGqsf] r'/Lkm'/Lsf] d'Vo cfwf/ zfxL
;]gfdflysf] p;sf] k/Dk/fut Psflwsf/ xf] eg] c;L k|ltzt ;+;bLo ;L6 / dtsf] bfjL
ug]{ ;+;jfbL bnx? lg/Lxtfk"j{s /fhb/jf/sf] 9f]sf s'/]/ a:g'kg]{ sf/0f
pgLx?;“u s'g} ;z:q ;]gf gx'g' xf] . s'/f] olt k|i6 x'“bfx“'b} klg b/jfl/of
e/f}6] zfxL ;]gfnfO{ slyt ;femf ;'/Iff ansf] ?kdf k|rf/ u/]/ hgtf / /fhg}lts
bnx?nfO{ lgz:q kfg]{ h'g if8\oGq eO/x]5 xfd|f] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf]
clxn];Ddsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] sdhf]/ kIf g} ToxL xf] . g]kfndf vfnL
/fhtGqn] dfq ;z:q ;]gfsf] dxTj a'em]sf]
b]lvG5 / To;dfly cfÎgf] lgoGq0f sfod /fVg xd];f hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . @)$&
;fndf cfkm" lgs} sdhf]/ ag]sf] a]nfdf klg slyt ;'/Iff ;ldltsf] Joj:yf u/]/
zfxL ;]gfdflysf] cfÎgf] k/Dk/fut ks8nfO{ p;n] sfod} /fVg' / xfn}sf]
jftf{k|s/0fsf] a]nf ;j} s'/f 5f]8\g ;Sg] t/ zfxL ;]gfdflysf] lgoGq0f 5f]8\g
g;Sg] c8fg lng' To;}sf] kl/rfos xf] .
To;}n]
b]zdf nf]stGqnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg / To;sf] ;'/Iff ug{ b/jf/sf] e/f}6] ;]gfsf]
?kdf /x“b} cfPsf] zfxL ;]gfnfO{ lj36g u/]/ k"0f{ nf]stflGqs cfwf/df gof“
/fli6«o ;]gfsf] lgdf{0f ug{' ckl/xfo{ k"j{zt{ xf] .. ;+;bjfbL
zlQmx?n] clxn] eg] em}+ sfg"gL ?kn] dfq} zfxL ;]gfnfO{ hgk|ltlglw;efsf]
cwLgdf /fv]/ To;sf] ;fdGtL, bnfn / kmfl;:6 rl/qdf kl/jt{g cfpg ;Sb}g .
lsgls zfxL ;]gfsf] Oltxf;, ;+/rgf, ljrf/wf/f, ;+:s[lt / sfo{z}nL olt
nf]stGqlj/f]wL 5 ls To;nfO{ sfg"gL jf cf}krfl/s 9+un] ;xh} nf]stflGqs /
/fli6«o ?k lbg' c;Dej dfq geP/ cfTd3ftL ;d]t x'g]5 . dlxnf, dw];L ;d'bfo,
blnt / clwsf+z pTkLl8t / If]qx?sf] ;xeflutf g/x]sf], pRr clkm;/ txdf /f0ff,zfx
kl/jf/ / ef/bf/x?sf] jr{:j /x]sf], j}rfl/s lx;fjn] 3f]lift ?kdf g} b]z /
hgtfk|lt eGbf …g/]zÚ k|lt jkmfbf/ /x]sf] / Jof/]sdf a:g] :yfoL ;]gfsf] ?kdf
hg;d'bfojf6 nfdf] ;dob]lv s6\b} cfPsf] x'gfn] zfxL ;]gf slxNo} hgtfsf] ;]gf jf
/fli6«o ;]gf x'g} ;Sb}g . To;}n] xfdLn] ;Rrf nf]stGqk|lt 7"nf]
pQ/bfloTjjf]wsf ;fy xfn} ;DkGg jftf{ k|lqmofdf ljleGg ju{, hflt, If]q, ln+usf] k|ltlglwTj ePsf] gof“ /fli6«o ;]gf
lgdf{0f ug]{ k|:tfj k|:t't u/]sf xf}+ / To;k|ltsf] /fhb/jf/sf] c;xdlt g} jftf{
c;kmn x'g'sf] Pp6f k|d'v sf/0f lyof] .
oL ;j}
/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o cg'ejx?jf6 l;s]/ b]zdf k"0f{ nf]stGqsf] :yfkgf /
/Iffsf] lglDt hgtfsf] cfÎg} gof“ /fli6«o ;]gf lgdf{0f ug]{ s'/fdf ;j}
nf]stGqjfbLx?sf] Wofg s]lGb«t x'g' h?/L 5 . ;z:q ;]gf h:tf] /fHo;Qfsf]
cxd\ k|ZgnfO{ cf]em]n /fv]/ nf]stGqsf]
n8fO“ lhTg] sNkgf ug{' h:tf] d"v{tf c? s]xL x'g} ;Sb}g . To; cy{df
klxnf]rf]l6 ;+;bjfbL zlQmx?n] cfÎgf] !*–j“'b] sfo{qmddf ;]gfsf] k|Zg ;dfj]z
u/]/ s]xL k|ult cjZo u/]sf 5g\ , t/ ljlGtkq / sfg"gL k|lqmofn] dfq ;lhn}
;fdGtL e/f}6] zfxL ;]gf nf]stflGqs ;]gfdf ?kfGt/0f xf]nf eGg] ;f]Rg' k'gM csf]{
P]ltxfl;s e"n x'g]5 .
/fli6«otfsf] k|Zg
xfd|f] h:tf] t]>f] ljZjsf] pTkLl8t d'n's tyf b'O{
7"nf b]zx?aLrsf] ljlzi6 e"–/fhg}lts cj:yfdf ePsf] b]zsf] lglDt
/fli6«otfsf] k|Zg nf]stflGqs /fhgLltsf] csf]{ cfwf/e"t kIf xf] . t/
xfd|f] /fhg}lts bl/b«tf egf}+ jf Oltxf;sf] lj8Djgf egf}+ b]zdf nfdf] ;dob]lv
/fli6«otf / nf]stGqsf] k|Zg Ps csf{sf k"/ssf] ;§f jfws jf lj/f]wLsf] ?kdf
k|:t't x“'b} cfPsf] 5 / To;n] b'j}nfO{ ck"/0fLo Iflt k'¥ofp“b} cfPsf]
5 . jf:tjdf /fli6«otfsf] cjwf/0ff k“"hLjfbL o'usf] pkh xf] / To;sf]
j:t'ut cfwf/ :jb]zL k“"hLsf] lglDt ;'/lIft ahf/ / jfx\o Psflwsf/
k“"hLsf] cltqmd0fjf6 ;+/If0f xf] .. To;/L g} nf]stGqsf] cjwf/0ff klg
k|lt:kwf{Tds k“"hLjfbL o'usf] pkh xf] . To;}n] /fli6«otf / nf]stGq
cfk;df cGt/;DjlGwt, cGof]Gofl>t / k"/s x'G5g / x'g'kb{5 .
nf]stGqn] cfGtl/s ?kdf lyrf]ldrf] ug]{ ;fdGtjfbsf lj?¢ ;+3if{ u5{ eg] /fli6«otfn]
jfx\o ?kdf lyrf]ldrf] ug]{ ;fd|fHojfbsf lj?¢ ;+3if{ u5{ . ctM cfGtl/s /
jfx\o zf]if0f–pTkL8gsf] lj?¢ ;+3if{ g} nf]stGq / /fli6«otfaLrsf] Pstfsf] d'Vo
cfwf/ x'G5 / x'g'kb{5 . t/, xfdLsxf“ cf}Bf]lus k“"hLjfbsf] c;fWo}
Go"g ljsf;sf] sf/0fn] ha bnfn
k“"hLjfbn] ;fd|fHojfb;“u 3f“6L hf]8]/ cf}krfl/s nf]stGqsf] em08f af]Sg
yfNof] ta eml:sPsf] ;fdGtjfbn] To;sf] lj?¢df gSsnL d08n] /fi6«jfbsf] em08f
p7fP/ cfÎgf] l:ylt ;b[9 ug{ vf]Hof] .. o;/L P]ltxfl;s ?kdf z'? ePsf] gSsnL
nf]stGq / gSsnL /fi6«jfb aLrsf] 5fof–o'¢ sfnfGt/df b'j} gSsnLx? Gf+flub} uPkl5
clxn] ;Rrf nf]stGq / ;Rrf /fli6«otfaLrsf] P]ltxfl;s Pstfsf] s8L k'gM hf]l8g
;Sg] j:t'ut l:ylt tof/ ePsf] 5 . To;}n] Ps};fy leqL ?kdf ;fdGtjfb / jflx/L
?kdf ;fd|fHojfbsf] lj/f]w ug]{ nf]stflGqs tyf k|ultzLn /fli6«otfsf] k|j4{g ug{'
cfh P]ltxfl;s cfjZostf / ;Defjgf ag]sf] 5 .
xfd|f]
;Gbe{df /fli6«otfsf] 7f]; d'2f eg]sf] ;g\ !(%) sf] g]kfn–ef/t ;lGw nufotsf
;Dk"0f{ c;dfg ;lGw–;Demf}tfx?sf] vf/]hL, gful/sx? ljb]zdf ef8fsf] ;}lgs
aGg] ;+:yfut Joj:yfsf] cGTo, v'nf l;dfgfsf] lgoGq0f / Joj:yfkg, /fli6«o
>f]t–;Dkbfdfly ljb]zL Psflwsf/sf] cGTo, b]zleq ljb]zL ;}lgs x:tIF]k /
pkl:yltsf] cGTo, b]zsf] cy{tGqdf cGt/f{li6«o ljQLo k“"hLsf] x}sdsf] cGTo
cflb g} x'g\ . oL 7f]; k|Zgx?nfO{ yftL /fv]/ vfln cd"t{ …/fli6«otfÚ
sf] s'/f ug{' 3f]/ kfv08 / j]OdfgL xf], h'g cfh;Ddsf ;Qfwf/Lx?n] ub}{ cfO/x]sf
5g\ . ;fy} P]ltxfl;s ?kdf ef/t / rLgsf] leGgleGg ;fdl/s :jfy{sf] åGådf
lkl;b} cfPsf] xfd|f] /fli6«otfdfly s]xL ;do otf ljZjsf] dQf xfQL h:tf] ag]sf]
PSnf] cltdxfzlQm cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbsf] ;}lgs / u}/–;}lgs cltqmd0f h'g tLj|
9+un] al9/x]sf] 5 To;nfO{ a]n}df cGTo gug]{ xf] eg] xfdLdfly 3f]/ /fli6«o ljklQ
cfOkg]{ :jtM l;¢ 5 .. Oltxf;df cfkm" ;QfRo"t x'g nfu]sf] a]nf
k|ltlqmofjfbL zf;sx?n] ljb]zL ;}lgs x:tIf]k lgDTofP/ eo+s/ /fli6«o u2f/L ug]{
u/]sf] s6' k/Dk/fsf] k''g/fj[lQ x'g glbg ;Dk"0f{ nf]stflGqs zlQmx?n]
a]n}df /fli6«otfsf] cxd\ k|Zgdf ;femf ;xdlt sfod ug{' h?/L 5 . cGttM
/fli6«o :jfwLgtfsf] /Iff nf]stflGqs 9+un] ;+ul7t, ;r]t / ;z:q hgtfn] dfq ug{
;S5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;a}n] Vofn /fVg cfjZos 5 . ;fy} xfd|f] ljlz:6
e"–/fhg}lts ;Gbe{df b'O{ 7"nf l5d]sLx?;“usf] c;+nUg / ;Gt'lnt ;DjGw
g} xfd|f] /fli6«o :jfwLgtfsf] d'Vo s'“hL xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ klg ;a}n] bxf|];“u
kqmg h?/L 5 .
hftLo, If]qLo, ln+uLo / blnt k|Zg
xfd|f]
nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] csf]{ cxd\ d''2f hftLo, IF]qLo, ln+uLo pTkL8g / ltgjf6
d'lQmsf] k|Zg xf] . ha;Dd b]zsf] cToflws jx';+Vofdf /x]sf pTkLl8t hflt÷
hghfltx?, dw];L ;d'bfo, ;]tL–dxfsfnL / s0ff{nLsf pTkLl8t IF]qx?, blntx? /
dlxnfx?n] o''uf}+b]lv /fHo;Qfdf Psflwsf/ hdfPsf] sf7df8f}+ s]lGb«t kxfl8of
v;–cfo{, slyt pRr hftLo lxGb" cx+sf/jfb / lkt[;Qfjf6 k"0f{ d'lQm kfpg
;Sb}gg\ tj;Dd s'g} klg k|sf/sf] nf]stGqn] ;dfhdf h/f] uf8\g} ;Sb}g . ;fy}
;Dk"0f{ hflt÷ hghflt / IF]qx?aLrdf :j]lR5s 9+un] gof“ cfwf/df gof“ /fli6«o
Pstf ljgf cfGtl/s /fli6«otf alnof] / lbuf] x'g} ;Sb}g . To;}n]
;Dk""0f{ pTkLl8t hflt tyf If]qx?nfO{ cfTd–lg0f{osf] clwsf/ ;lxt
:jzf;gsf] Joj:yf / blnt tyf dlxnfx?nfO{ ljz]ifflwsf/ ;lxt ;a} If]q -cyf{t\
/fHo;Qf, ;]gf, ;DklQ, /f]huf/L, lzIFf OToflb _– df ;dfg''kflts k|ltlglwTjsf]
;'lglZrttf xfd|f] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] d'Vo Ph]08f agfOg'kb{5 . xfd|f]
cfÎg} b]z, sfn / kl/l:ylt ;'xfp“bf] gof“ 9+usf] nf]stGqsf] df]8]n klg oxL qmddf
dfq} ljsl;t x'g;S5 .
cfh
vf;u/L ljut kf}g] cf7 jif{sf] eLif0f hgo'¢n] l;h{gf u/]sf] rf}tkmL{ ljb«f]xsf]
kl/0ffd :j?k hftLo, If]qLo, ln+uLo / blnt k|Zg /fli6«o /fhgLltsf] d"n
Ph]08fdf k|j]z ul/;s]sf] 5 . t/,
cem} klg /fhfjfbL / ;+;bjfbL v]dfdf oL cfwf/e"t k|Zgx?af/] uDeL/
j}rfl/s / gLltut sdhf]/Lx? ljBdfg 5g\ / pgLx?n] ;fdfGo ;'wf/fTds sbdx?åf/f oL
uxg d'2fx?nfO{ lsgf/f nufpg] k|oTg ul//x]5g\ . k/Gt' /fHo;Qfsf] k|Zg g}
jt{dfg åGåsf] s]Gb«ljGb' ePsfn] pTkLl8t hflt, If]q, dlxnf / blntx?nfO{ gof“
/fHo;Qfdf ;dfg ;xeflutfsf] Uof/]G6L ug]{ / cfÎgf] efUosf] km};nf cfkm}+ ug{
kfpg] s'/f g} lg0ff{os k|Zg xf] / To;}df ;a} ;Rrf nf]stGqjfbL zlQmx? Psdt x'g'
h?/L 5 .
cfly{s kl/jt{g / ljsf;sf] k|Zg
o'uf}+b]lv
cw{–;fdGtL h8tf / cw{–cf}klgj]l;s k/fwLgtfdf hsl8Psf] / r/d u/LjL, j]/f]huf/L,
cNkljsf;, ljifdtf / k/fl>ttf d'Vo rfl/lqs ljz]iftf ePsf] b]zLo
cy{tGqdf cfd""n kl/jt{g u/]/ :jtGq, cfTdlge{/, pGgt / ultzLn
cy{Joj:yfsf] cfwf/ v8f gu/L b]zdf g t jf:tljs nf]stGq :yflkt x'g ;S5, g To;n]
:yfloTj k|fKt ug{ ;S5 . cGttM ;dfhsf] cfly{s cfwf/ (base) df g} /fhg}lts
clw/rgf (superstructure) v8f x'g] ePsfn] cfw'lgs nf]stGqsf] :yfkgf lglDt
/fli6«o cf}Bf]lus k“"hLjfbL cy{tGqsf] lgdf{0f clgjfo{ k"j{zt{ jg]sf]
x'G5 . t/ xfd|f] ;Gbe{df eg] ;fdGtL /fhtGqjfbLx?sf] t s'/} 5f]8f}+
cfkm"nfO{ k“"hLjfbL nf]stGqsf 7]s]bf/ ;Demg] ;+;bjfbL zlQmx?;“u ;d]t
;fd|fHojfbL cGt/f{li6«o ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] cfÎg} :jfy{sf] lglDQ cl3 ;f/]sf yf]qf
cfly{s gLltx?sf] cGwfg's/0f ug'{ l;jfo b]zsf] cfd"n kl/jt{g / ljsf;sf]
s'g} df}lns lrGtg / gLlt /x]sf] 5}g . To;}n] cfly{s nf]stGq / /fli6«otfsf]
Go"gtd ;femf Ph]08f to ug{' cfh b]zdf cToGt h?/L ePsf] 5 .
To; lglDt,
klxnf] s'/f, c;L k|ltzt eGbf a9L >dzlQm cfwfl/t / ;aeGbf u/LjL, j]/f]huf/L -
cw{–j]/f]huf/L / 5b\d–j]/f]huf/L ;d]t _, ljifdtf / Go"g pTkfbsTjsf] s]Gb«
/x]sf] s[lifIf]qsf] ;+/rgfTds kl/jt{gsf] lglDt …hdLg hf]Tg]sf]Ú l;¢fGtsf]
cfwf/df qmflGtsf/L e"ld;'wf/ ul/g'kb{5 / e"ldsf] k'glj{t/0f kl5 Jofks
;xsf/L cleofg, /fli6«o l;+rfO of]hgf / s[lifsf] rf}tkmL{ cfw'lgsLs/0f ;+rfng
ul/g'k5{ . bf]>f] s'/f, cg'TkfbgzLn If]q / ljnfl;tfdf v]/ uO/x]sf]
ljzfn k“"hLnfO{ /fi6«Los/0f u/]/ d"ntM >d–k|wfg k|ljlw /
cfoft–k|lt:yfkg gLlt cGtu{t /fli6«o cf}Bf]uLs/0f of]hgf sfof{Gjog ul/g'k5{ /
/fli6«o pBf]u, jfl0fHo / ljQnfO{ ;d'lrt k|f]T;fxg / ;+/IF0f k|bfg
ul/g'k5{ .. t]>f] s'/f, lj:t[t /fli6«o k"jf{wf/ ljsf; u'?of]hgf
cGtu{t ljzfn hn>f]tsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u u/]/ ;Dk"0f{ b]zsf] ljB''tLs/0f
ug]{, oftfoft / ;+rf/ ;j{;'ne agfpg], Jojl:yt j:tL k|0ffnL / zx/Ls/0f nfu"
ug]{ / ufp“ tyf zx/ / kxf8 tyf t/fO{aLr ;Gt'lnt ljsf; sfod ug]{ gLlt / of]hgf
sfof{Gjog ul/g'k5{ .
d'Vo s/f
cy{tGqnfO{ cw{–;fdGtL / cw{–cf}klgj]l;s ;f+Unf]af6 d'Qm ug]{ ;+/rgfTds
kl/jt{gaf6 dfq} b]zdf cfly{s ljsf;sf] d"n km'6fpg ;lsG5 / /fli6«o
cfTdlge{/tfdf d'Vo hf]8 lb+b} lug]r'g]sf] dfq jfx\o ;xof]u, C0f / nufgL
leq\ofOg'k5{ eGg] s'/fdf ;Dk"0f{ b]zeQm / nf]stflGqs zlQmx?aLr cfd ;xdlt
x''g' h?/L 5 .
;f+:s[lts ?kfGt/0fsf] k|Zg
dflg;sf]
r]tgf, ;+:sf/ / cfr/0fdf tbg's'n kl/jt{g geP;Dd b'lgof“df sxL+ klg nf]stGqn]
h/f] uf8\g ;Sb}g .. To;}n] ;f+:s[lts ?kfGt/0fsf] k|Zg xfd|f] cfGbf]ngsf]
csf]{ c;fWo} dxTjk"0f{ d'2f x'g'k5{ . ;of}+ jif{b]lv xfd|f] ;dfh /
;+:s[ltsf] d'Vo cfwf/ ;fdGtjfb /xb} cfPsfn] To;sf d'Vo ljz]iftfx? ?l9jfb,
efUojfb, cfWofTdjfb, wfld{s s§/tf, hftLo ;+sL0f{tf / 5'jf5't, ln+uLo e]befj,
cGwljZjf;, hfb'–6'gfd'gf, jf]S;L–em+fqmL k|yf cflb ;dfhdf JofKt 5g\ .
ltgsf] cGTo u/]/ ;dfhdf 1fg, lj1fg, ts{, ljj]s, dfgjtf, ;dfgtf cflb nf]stflGqs
;+:s[ltsf u'0fx? :yflkt ug'{ cToGt} h?/L ePsf] 5 .
To;sf]
lglDt d'VotM oL s'/fx?df hf]8 lbg' kb{5–klxnf] s'/f, wd{ / /fHonfO{ Ps csf{af6
cnu u/]/ k"0f{?kn] wd{–lg/k]If /fHo lgdf{0f ul/g'k5{ . wd{ dfGg] jf
gdfGg] / s'g wd{ dfGg] eGg] s'g} dflg;sf] ljz'¢ JolQmut dfldnf ePsf]n] s'g} klg
nf]stflGqs k|0ffnLdf /fHosf] wd{ eGg] s'/f x''g} ;Sb}g . wd{–;fk]IF /fHo /
nf]stGq ljNs'n cGt/lj/f]wL s'/f x'g\ . xfd|f] ;Gbe{df clxn];Dd /fhtGqn]
cfÎgf] :jfy{sf] lglDt /fHonfO{ …lxGb"Ú gfdfs/0f ub}}{ cfPsf] eP klg ca
;a}vfn] nf]stGqjfbL zlQmx?n] To;nfO{ abn]/ wd{–lg/k]IF /fHo sfod ug}{k5{ .
bf]>f] s''/f, b]zdf JofKt lg/If/tf, c1fg / clzIFf g} k5f}6] ;fdGtL
;+:s[ltsf] jfxs / nf]stGqsf] lglDt jfws /xb} cfPsf]n] lglZrt cjlwleq lg/IF/tf
pGd"ng ug]{ / ;a}nfO{ j}1flgs, lgMz''Ns / ;j{;'ne lzIFf k|bfg ug]{ /fli6«o
cleofg ;+rfng ul/g''k5{ . 1fg / lj1fgsf] Hof]ltljgf ;fdGtjfbL ;+:s[ltsf]
h/f] sf6]/ nf]stflGqs ;+:s[ltsf] cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug{ c;Dej ePsfn] lzIFfnfO{
nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] Ph]08fdf pRr k|fyldstf lbg}k5{ .
oL cltl/Qm NFF]stflGqs cfGbf]ng / ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf] qmd
;+u;+u} ljljw 9+usf] k|ultzLn ;+f:s[lts cfGbf]ng lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;+rfng ub}{
hfg'kg]{ s'/f :jt Ml;¢ 5 .
lgisif{
pk/f]Qm ^ j6f d"ne"t j“'bfx? g} ;dsfnLg g]kfnsf]
nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf cwf/e"t / ;jf{lws dxTjk"0f{ k|Zg x'g\ .
xfdLn] tTsfnLg ;+o'Qm hgdf]rf{sf] tkm{jf6 k|:t't u/]sf $)–;"qLo dfu, jLrdf
…hg–kl/ifbÚ sf] tkm{jf6 kfl/t ul/Psf] &%–a“'b] sfo{qmd / kl5Nnf] k6s
jftf{sf] qmddf k|:t't u/]sf Go"gtd cu|ufdL /fhg}lts lgsf;sf] Ph]08fnfO{
;f/tM log} ^ j6f j“''bfx?df ;+IF]kLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ng
oltj]nf Pp6f pTsif{df k'Ug nfu]sf] a]nf oL a“'bfx?df ;a} ;+;bjfbL /
u}/–;+;bjfbL nf]stflGqs zlQmx? / af}l¢s j[Qdf uxg 5nkmn xf];\ / Go"gtd
;femf ;xdlt sfod xf];\ eGg] xfd|f] xflb{s
cfu|x 5 . ¥ @)^) c;f]h %
b'Zdgdfly cfqmd0f / gof“
cg'e"lt
dfOsn
dxfg\ hgo'4sf] ljsf;;+u} hgd'lQm ;]gf g]kfnsf] ljsf;
klg tLa|ultdf d'Vo zlQm, ;xfos zlQm / cfwf/e"t zlQmdf eO/fv]s} a]nf
g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ klZrd s]Gb|Lo sdf08cGtu{t ljz]if If]qLo Ao"/f]
cGtu{tsf] ;xfos zlQmsf] ?kdf lgld{t :jtGq …PÚ sDkgL / lhNnf kL=Pn=P= sf s]xL
6's8Lx? kf6L{sf] of]hgfdf ljz]if sfdsf] lglDt s]lGb|t x'“b} cfPsf lyof}+ .
Uofbl/Ësf] clGtddf z]N6/df ha xfdL cfOk'Uof}+ kL=aL=Pd=
sd/]8af6 sldzf/ / sdf08/ u|'knfO{ af]nfP/ xfd|f] d'Vo sfdsf] hfgsf/L Pjd\ b'O{
j6f 5flgPsf lglZrt sfjf{xL ug]{ clwsf/ lbg' eof] . nuQ} ;xefuL ;a}
sd/]8x?nfO{ ;+o'Qm /fhg}lts k|lzIf0f ;'? eof] . ;xefuL xndf ;a}sf]
b'Zdgk|lt tLa| cfqmd0f / cft'/tf b]lvGYof] . sfo{qmdsf d'Vo cltly >4]o
sd/]8 ljKnj / ;xefuL cf/=aL=Pd= sd/]8x?n] ;d;fdlos ljifodf k|lzIf0f lbg' eof] .
;a} sd/]8x?sf] egfO{ oxL lyof] ls – aGb'ssf] andf cl8Psf] / g]kfnL hgtfdfly
zf]if0f rnfO/fv]sf] k|ltudgsf/L ;fdGtL ;QfnfO{ dfn]dfjfb / k|r08kysf gof“
ljrf/;lxtsf aGb'sn] Wj:t v/fgL kfb}{5f}+ / kfg}{k5{ . ha hgtfn] jf:tljs
d'lQm / b]znfO{ cu|ufdL lgsf; glb+bf;Dd xfd|f] ljb|f]xsf] /lQmd em08fnfO{
la;fpg] 5}gf}+ . xftnfO{ z:q agfpg' eGbf klxn] lbdfunfO{ z:q agfpg'
k5{ .
To;kl5 xfd|f] ofqf lglZrt -KjfOG6_ lt/ ;'? x'G5 . b'Zdgsf]
v'gL SofDk / l:yltaf/] klxn] g} sdf08/ u|'kaf6 a'em\g] sfd eO;s]sf] a]nf xfd|f]
;a} zlQm clGtd z]N6/df k'U5 . Dofk;lxtsf] b'Zdgsf] l:ylt sdf08/ sd/]8
;Gtf]ifaf6 hfgsf/L u/fOG5 .
pQm hfgsf/Lcg';f/ b'Zdg rf/}lt/ cfkm" dha't zlQmsf]
aLrdf a;]sf] t/ lgs} cft+lst / eoljt dfgl;stfdf ePsf] kfOof] . xfd|f] nIo
qmflGtsf] lglDt rflxg] o'4 ;fdu|L Nofpg], p2]Zo ;fdGtL ;Qfsf kmf}hL SofDk Wj:t
v/fgL kfg]{, lglZrt -KjfOG6_sf] leqL Knfg lyof] eg] aflx/L of]hgf b'Zdg olb
b':;fx; u/]/ cfPdf kf;f] yfKg] / cfqmd0f ug]{ u/L xfd|f] zlQm b'O{ efudf
ljeflht eof] .
pQm b'Zdgsf] /IFfy{sf] nflu efn'jfË, dxf/fhu+h, afafu+h,
cftL{ / uf]?l;+Ë], rfx]df oL ;a} :yfgaf6 !% ldg]6b]lv @% ldg]6;Ddsf] ;dodf pQm
KjfOG6 cfOk'UYof] . t/ st}af6 klg cufl8 a9\g] b':;fx; u/]g . xfd|f]
AoflsË kmf];{n] tL gfsfx?df s'/L /x]sf] lyof] t/ lglZrt KjfOG6df b'Zdg klg
xfd|f] hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] qf;n] cfkm\gf] SofDk vfnL agfP/ efuL ;s]sf] a]nf xfd|f]
zlQm pQm KjfO{G6df k'Uof] . To;}n] xfd|f] nIocg';f/ o'4 ;fdu|L k|fKt ug{
;f] sfjf{xLaf6 6Lddf yk pT;fx / cfqmf]z k}bf eof] . ;a} 6Ldsf] Pp6} efj
lyof] ls sxf“ hfnf;\ d5nL d]/} 9l8of“ eg] em}+ Ps lbg clgjfo{ ltgLx?n] ;a} o'4
;fdu|L a'emfpg} kg]{ 5 . pQm lglZrt sfjf{xLsf] KjfOG6 slknj:t' lhNnfsf]
O=k|=sf= rgf}6f lyof] .
xfd|f] Knfg km]l/ klg b'ZdgnfO{ xft kf/]/} 5f]8\g] nIosf ;fy
bfË, lhNnfsf] klZrd blIf0f ef/tsf] l;dfgf;“u hf]l8Psf] sf]Onfjf; k|x/L
rf}sLdfly xfd|f] ofqf lglZrt eof] . sdf08/ u|"kn] ;j]{ ul/;s]kl5
b'Zdg cn6{ x'g] ePsfn] sdf08f] k|sf/sf] /]8 @)%(÷(÷# ut] ;f“em %M%) ah]sf]
;dodf xfd|f] lglZrt zlQmn] klxnf] kmfo/ vf]Ng] of]hgf agfof] . pQm ;dodf
g} rf/}lt/af6 eLif0f kmfo/åf/f cfqmd0f eof] eg] csf]{lt/af6 sdf08/ sldzf/n]
dfOsåf/f sf;g ub}{ k|x/L bfHf'efOx? xf] xfdLnfO{ Gofok"0f{ o'4sf] lglDt
xltof/ nufot o'4 ;fdu|L rflxPsfn] xfdL lng dfq cfPsf 5f}+, xltof/ a'emfpm Hofg
arfpm eGb} ubf{ klg pQm sf;gsf] kjf{x gu/L xltof/;lxt efUg] b':;fxf; u/] .
a'l4ljgf hLjgsf] gf; ug]{x? rf/}lt/af6 uf]nf al;{/v]sf] dfn]dfjfb / k|r08kyn]
n]; hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] 3]/f eGbf aflx/ sxf“ kf] hfg ;Sy] / < cflv/ ldg]6d} ^
hgf hNnfbx?n] lha|f] 6f]sL ;s]sf lyP . To;kl5 s]xL 3fOt] t s]xLn]
cfTd;dk{0f u/] .
pQm sf/jfxLaf6 k|fKt o'4 ;fdu|Lx? !# yfg y|L g6 y|L /fOkmn, !
yfg ;6{ug, ! yfg l/jNj/, !% yfg Knfli6s lu|g]8 / ^%) hlt a'n]6x? k|fKt ePsf
lyP . o;sf] cnjf y'k|} dxTjk"0f{ nlhli6s ;fdu|Lx? pknAw ePsf lyP . ;fy}
b'Zdgsf] v'gL SofDk k"0f{ ?kn] Wj:t ePsf] lyof] .
o;/L sdf08f]åf/f /]8 ul/Psf] o; If]qsf] klxnf] cEof;s} qmddf
ljgf Iflt ;kmn sfjf{xL ePsf] 5 .
b'Zdg hL0f{ ?kn] vtd ePsf] 5 eg] hgd'lQm ;]gfdf gof“ o'4snf
Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 .
o;/L lbgd} cfZro{hgs sfjf{xLn] ubf{ casf lbgx?df klg b'Zdg
cft+lst x'g] / rfx]df h'gs'g}a]nf klg
cfqmd0f x'g;Sg] l:yltsf] phfu/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . ;f“Rr} g}
k|ltlqmofjfbL ef8fsf ;]gf b]Vgdf dfq sfuhL af3 x'g eGg] s'/fsf] k'li6 ;LdfjtL{
k|x/L rf}sL sf]Onfjf;df ePsf] sfjf{xLn] ul/lbPsf] 5 .
olb k|ltudgsf/L ;fdGtL ;Qfn] b]z / hgtfnfO{ cu|ufdL lgsf;
glbPdf b'Zdgsf ;a} kmf}hL SofDk Wj:t x'g] ;+s]t / /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fdf hfg]
tof/Ls} a]nf pQm sfjf{xLn] yk O§f ylklbPsf] lyof] .
af6f] sl7g ePklg eljZo pHjn 5, hLt xfd|f] ;'lglZrt 5 .
jftf{
e+u / k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] k|rf/ cft+s
uf]kfn g]kfnL
g]kfn sDo"lgi6 kf6L{] -dfcf]jfbL_ /
k'/fgf]] ;QfaLrsf]] ;ft dlxgf nfdf] o'4lj/fd / jftf{ k|lqmof cGTo ePkZrft\
k'/fgf] ;Qfn] dfcf]jfbL lj?4sf] k|rf/ cft+snfO{ tLa| kf/]sf] 5 . t];|f]
r/0fsf] jftf{;Dd cfp“bf k'/fgf] ;Qfåf/f dfcf]jfbLn] klxnf] r/0fsf] jftf{d}
k|:t't u/]sf] Go"gtd /fhg}lts sfo{;"rLdf pNn]lvt cfkm\gf] elj:oaf/]
km};nf ug]{ hg;d'bfosf] ;fj{ef}d clwsf/nfO{ c:jLsf/ dfq ul/Pg dfcf]jfbLsf
xftxltof/ / ;+rf/;]6 a'emfpg'kg]{;Ddsf k|:tfjx? /fvL dfcf]jfbL qmflGtsf/Lx?nfO{
cfTd;dk{0f u/fpg] tyf b/af/ / ;]gfnfO{ cem} alnof] agfpg] vfnsf] of]hgf k]z
ul/of] .. k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] o;k|sf/sf] k|ltufdL cjwf/0ff–kqn] zflGtk"0f{
?kd} cu|ufdL /fhg}lts lgsf;sf] dfWodaf6 b]zsf] tTsfnLg ;+s6sf] ;dfwfg ug]{
dfcf]jfbL kIf;lxt hg;d'bfosf] rfxgfdfly t'iff/fkft dfq} x'gk'Uof] . slyt
zflGt jftf{sf] /fu cnfKb} cfPsf] k'/fgf] ;Qfn] /fhg}lts lgsf;sf] 9f]sf
k"0f{?kdf aGb u/]/ o'4lj/fdsf] cf}lrTo g} ;dfKt ug{ k'u]kl5 dfcf]jfbL kIf
o;k|sf/sf] lgsf;ljxLg jftf{af6 cnu x'g afWo ePsf] lyof] . o;k|sf/sf] oyfy{
b'lgof“sf] cufl8 5n{¨ x'“bfx“'b} k'/fgf] ;Qf …dfcf]jfbLn] PstkmL{ o'4lj/fd e+u
u/]sf]Ú em'¶f k|rf/ ub}{ cfdhg;d'bfo / dfcfjfbL sfo{stf{x?sf] g/;+xf/df pqg
k'u]sf] 5 . d'lQmsfdL hg;d'bfolj?4 sTn]cfddf pq]/ ljb]zLsf] s7k'tnL ag]sf slyt
/fhf 1fg]Gb| g} cfh zflGtk"0f{ jftf{ / /fhg}lts lgsf;lj/f]wL ag]sf
5g\ . ljb]zL aGb's 1fg]Gb|sf]] sf“wdf /fv]/ g]kfnLsf] 5ftLdfly k8\ls/x]sf]
5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf cfkm\g} j+zsf] ;d]t gfz ug{ kl5 gkg]{ 1fg]Gb|–kf/z
u'6af6 b]z / hgtfsf] clnslt klg enf] xf]nf eg]/ ;f]Rg';Dd klg c1fgtf dfq} x'g]
b]lvPsf] 5 .
clxn] k"j{ d]rLb]lv klZrd dxfsfnL;Ddsf
ljleGg e"–efux?df zfxL ;]gf / k|x/Ln] ;j{;fwf/0f / dfcf]jfbL of]4fx?sf]
kqmfp kZrft\ sTn]cfd u/]/ slyt eL8Gtsf] k|rf/ ul//x]sf] 5 . ljutdf em}+
jf:tljs eL8Gtx?df xf/ vf“b} eflu/x]sf] zfxL ;]gfn] tL eL8Gtx?df cfkm\gf] xf/
ePsf] s'/f k"/} n'sfPsf] 5 / dfcf]jfbL kIflj?4 Psxf]/f] k|rf/ ul//x]sf]
5 . ;/sf/L ;+rf/ dfWod afx]ssf sltko cfkm"nfO{ Jofj;flos / :jtGq bfjL
ug]{ ;dfrf/ ;+:yfx? ;d]t k'/fgf] ;Qfåf/f ;[lht oxL e|dk"0f{ k|rf/ x'jx'
;+k]|if0f ul//x]sf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbL kIfn] k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] PstkmL{ k|rf/sf]
e|ddf gkg{ / oyfy{ a'em]/ ;dfrf/ ;+k|]if0f ug{ ;+rf/ hutnfO{ cfu|x ;d]t u/]sf]
5 . slyt ;'/Iff ;|f]tnfO{ pNn]v ub}{ ;+k]|if0f ul/Psf ;dfrf/x? lg/fwf/
dfq} xf]Og k"/} e|dk"0f{ ;d]t /xg] u/]sf]] s'/f ut ;dodf xf]n]/L,
ln:g] n]s, ufd, c5fd, c3f{vf“rL ;lxtsf eL8Gtaf/] k'/fgf] ;Qf / To;sf ;+rf/
dfWodx?n] u/]sf] k|rf/n] ;d]t k'li6 ul/;s]sf] 5 .. k'/fgf] ;fdGtL ;QF
a]Odfg / 9f“6x?sf] ;Qf xf] eGg] s'/f t ut bf];|f] r/0fdf zfxL ;]gfnfO{ kf“r
ls=dL=kl/lwleq ;Lldt ug]{ ePsf] ;xdltnfO{ ;xdlt g} gePsf] eGg] em'7f k|rf/
ul/Paf6 k|i6 x'G5 . bf];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{ eP nuQ} ePsf] kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdf
b'a} kIfsf jftf{6f]nL k|jQmfx?n] jftf{sf ;xdlt egL a'“bfut ?kdf ;fj{hlgs
ul/Psf] …zfxL ;]gfsf] xs{t ;Lldt kfg]{Ú af/]sf] pQm ;xdltnfO{ PsxKtfkl5 Pshgf
k'/fgf] ;Qfsf jftf{sf/n] ;xdlt g} gePsf] eGgfn] pgLx? ljZjs} cufl8 9“6'jfsf]
?kdf abgfd ;d]t x'g k'u]sf lyP . Tolt dfq} xf]Og o'4lj/fd sfod /x]s}
cjlwdf ;d]t k'/fgf] ;Qfsf gfos 1fg]Gb|sf] lgb]{zgdf rNg] zfxL ;]gfn] b]zsf
ljleGg efudf ;o hgf eGbf a9L dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{x?sf] kqmfp kZrft\ xTof u/]/
To;nfO{ eL8Gtdf dfl/Psf] k|rf/ u¥of] . tL eL8Gtsf k|rf/x? gSsnL lyP eGg]
s'/f t xfn} /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u;lxt ljleGg dfgjclwsf/jfbL ;+3–;+:yfx?n]
bf]/Daf nufotsf 36gfx?af/] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf :ynut cWoog k|ltj]bgn] k'li6 ul/;s]sf
5g\ .. d'n'sdf o'4lj/fd, cfrf/;+lxtf ;d]t hf/L eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf
dfcf]jfbLsf k|efj If]qx?df k'uL dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ / ;d{ysx?sf] kqmfp ub}{
eL8Gtsf] gfddf xTof ug'{n] klg z'?b]lv g} b/af/ / zfxL ;]gf jftf{ lj?4 lyP eGg]
k'li6 x'G5 .. o'4lj/fd 3f]if0ff eO;s]kl5 zfxL ;]gfåf/f eL8Gtsf] gfp“df
lgDg :yfgx?df dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ / ;dy{sx?sf] jLeT; xTof ul/of] .
ut @)%( df3 @@ ut] pbok'/sf] k~rfotL uflj;sf
w'|j ltlD;gfsf] zfxL ;]gfn] cGwfw'Gw uf]nL k|xf/ u/L xTof u¥of] .
)%( r}t * ut] c5fdsf] s'sf uflj;df dfcf]jfbL
sfo{stf{ l;ltk|;fb e§ / ;f]xL lbg aemfªsf] e}/jgfy dfljdf ljqmdaxfb'/ wfdLnfO{
zfxL ;]gfn] uf]nL xfgL xTof u¥of] . j}zfv ^ ut] dsjfgk'/sf] x]6f}8fdf clvn
-qmflGtsf/L_ sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o k|Lts'df/ df]Qmfg, e"k]Gb| ltldlN;gf;lxt #
hgfsf] zfxL ;]gfn] kqmfp u/L xTof u/]/ nfz af]/fdf /fvL gbLdf kmfNof] .
j}zfv !& ut] cf]vn9'Ëfsf] /ª\u]nL ufh;df zfxL ;]gfn] cGwfw'Gw uf]nL xfgL
dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ ;f]tfª /fO{, ;f]gf /fO{;lxt # hgfsf] xTof u¥of] .
@)^) c;f/
$ ut] /fd]5fksf] km'nf;L uflj;df dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ lv:nfn of]~hgsf] ;]gfn]
kqmfp u/L xTof u¥of] . c;f/ !! ut] ef]hk'/sf] s'n'ª\ uflj;df …kjgÚ gfd
u/]sf dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{nfO{ kqmfp u/L ;]gfn] uf]nL k|xf/ u¥of] . To;}u/L
c;f/ @# ut] c5fdsf] nf]8]3f6 Onfsfdf dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ jL/]Gb| lji6sf]
xTof u¥of] . ;fpg * ut] sfnLsf]6sf] bx ufh;df dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ /rgf
l;+xsf] xTof u¥of] . ;fpg @% ut] s}nfnLsf] d;'l/of–$, j8}k'/df lxl8/x]sf]
a]nf ;]gfn] PDa'; yfkL kf“r dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{sf] ;]gfn] xTof u¥of] . ;fpg
#) ut] t]x|y'dsf] vfDnfn'ª\ uflj;df b'O{ dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{sf] xTof
ul/of] . ;fpg #@ ut] /fd]5fksf] bf]/Djf uflj;df b'O{ ;j{;fwf/0f / !*
dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{nfO{ sAhf u/L xTof ul/of] . ebf} ^ ut] s}nfnLsf]
x;'lnofdf Ps dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{sf] xTof ul/of] . o; afx]s l;Gw'nL, s}nfnL,
;+v'jf;ef, vf]6fª, c5fd, aemfª, ;Nofg nufotsf lhNnfdf bh{gf}+ dfcf]jfbL
sfo{stf{x?sf] zfxL ;]gfåf/f xTof ul/of] .
zfxL ;]gf4f/f cGwfw'Gw ?kdf k|xf/ u/L jf
kqmfp ul/PkZrft\ xTof ul/Psf oL ;a} 36gfx?nfO{ slyt ;'/Iff ;|f]tsf] gfddf
eL8Gtdf xTof ePsf] egL k|rf/ ul/of] . d'n'sdf o'4lj/fd sfod /x]sf] cj:yfdf
t o; lsl;dsf h3Go 36gf 36fp“b} slyt d'7e]8sf] k|rf/ ug]{ k'/fgf] ;Qfn] clxn] t
emg\ cfkm\gf] kIfdf PstkmL{ k|rf/ cft+snfO{ s'g 9+un] cufl8 a9fPsf] xf]nf ;xh}
cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . s]xL lbg klxn] /f]Nkfsf] sf]rf{jfËdf dfcf]jfbL
hg;]gf;“u d'7e]8 x'“bf bhgf}+ zfxL ;]gf xtfxt ePsf], dfcf]jfbL 5fkfdf/x?n]
7"nf] kl/0ffddf xftxltof/ / uf]nL sAhf u/]sf] Pj+ ;]gf k/flht eP/ efu]sf]
36gfnfO{ 7Ls pN6f] k|rf/ ul/Pem}+ ut xKtf efjfËdf ePsf] eL8Gtaf/] klg k"/}
va/ n'sfOPsf] 5 . efjfËdf & hgf zfxL ;]gf dfl/Psf], kRrL; eGbf a9L
3fOt] ag]sf] / pgLx? lx8\g] df“8L gbLsf] k'n ;d]t 5fkfdf/x?n] Wj:t agfOlbP
kZrft\ hg;]gfsf]] 3]/fdf k/]sf zfxL ;]gfnfO{ tTsfn x]lnsfK6/af6 cf];fl/Psf] 36gfnfO{
k'/fgf] ;Qfn] k"/} n'sfpg k'Uof] / Psxf]/f] ?kdf em'¶f k|rf/ ul/of]–
…efjfËdf ;oeGbf a9L dfcf]jfbL dfl/PÚ eg]/ . lbgnfO{ l;w} /ft elgP em}+
k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] slyt ;'/Iff lgsfon] ul//x]sf] em'7 k|rf/nfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} k|rf/
u/]/ ;/sf/L d'vkqs} ?kdf cfkm\gf] k|sfzg k|sflzt ul//x]sf sltko cvjf/x?n]
cem};Dd klg cfkm'nfO{ :jtGq / Jofj;flos eGg g5f]8g' a8f] nfhdbf{] ePsf]
5 . ====nfO{ eGbf b]Vg]nfO{ nfh
eg] em}+ u|fdL0f j:tLx?df oyfy{ 36gf eGbf w]/} 6f9f /x]/, dfq k'/fgf]
;Qfsf slyt ;'/IffsdL{x?sf] ;"rgfsf cfwf/df 5flkPsf tL k|sfzgsf sf/0f
l;+uf] ;+rf/hut\ g} ;ld{Gbf aGg'kg]{ cj:yf cfPsf] 5 . ut jif{ nufOPsf]
;+s6sfnsf] cjlwdf sflGtk'/;lxtsf s]xL
klqsfx? ;/sf/L d'vkq æuf]/vfkqÆnfO{ ;d]t pl5g]/ dfcf]jfbL lj?4 k|rf/df plqPs}
x'g\ . o;k|sf/n] em'¶f k|rf/ cft+ssf] v]tL ug]{ ;dfrf/ ;:+yfx?k|lt hgtf /
kf7s :j+odn] vj/bf/L ug'{ cToGt} h?/L ePsf] 5 . ca Joj;flos / :jtGq ;+rf/
;+:yfx?sf] cufl8 k|fof]lht ;dfrf/sf] kl5 bu'g]{ ls jf:tljstf a'‰g] < uDeL/
eP/ ;f]Rg'kg]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5 . lx6n/sf ;+rf/ dGqL uf]ojN;n] c;TonfO{ ;of}+
k6s k|rf/ u/]/ ;Todf abNg ;lsG5 eg]/ gf“uf] ?kdf k|rf/ cft+sdf plqPsf
lyP . t/ g]kfnL ;fdGtL ;Qfn] uf]ojN;nfO{ ;d]t pl5g]/ cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbsf]
lgb]{zgdf dfcf]jfbL lj?4 k|rf/ cft+sdf pq]sf] 5 . ljZjsf hgtfnfO{ nfvf}+
k6s 9f“6]/ s/f]8f}+ Gofok|]dL hg;d'bfosf] g/;+xf/ ul/;s]sf] cd]l/sL
;fd|fHojfbn] clxn] g]kfnL zf;sx?nfO{ hgtfsf] sTn]cfd ug{ xltof/ / ;fwg;|f]t
lbPsf] dfq 5}g em'¶f k|rf/ s;/L a9fpg] eg]/ tfnLd ;d]t lbO/x]sf] 5 .
To;}n] k'/fgf] ;Qfn] /f]Nkf, lrtjg, s}nfnL, l;/fxf, ;nf{xL, df]/8, bfË,
slknj:t', l;Gw'nL nufotsf lhNnfdf cfkm\gf ;'/IffsdL{x?af6 dfcf]jfbL 5fkfdf/x?n]
cTofw'lgs xft xltof/ ;lxt 7"nf] kl/0ffddf o'4;fdu|L sAhf u/]sf] s'/f
n'sfO/x]sf] 5 / To;sf] 7Ls pN6f] k|rf/ ul//x]sf] 5 .
k'/fgf] ;fdGtL ;Qfn] hgtfnfO{ em'§f k|rf/
u/]/ e|ddf /flv/fVg] ;f]r]sf] 5 eg] Tof] p;sf] d"v{tf l;jfo s]xL x'g]
5}g . em'§f k|rf/sf] andf g t lx6n/sf] ;Qf aRg ;Sof] g t ?;sf] hf/zfx jf
rLgsf ;fdGtL zf;sx? g} . g]kfndf klg ;jf b'O{;o jif{b]lv hgtfdfly r/d bdg,
zf]if0f, pTkL8g nfb\b} cfPsf] /fhtGq ca l6Sg ;Sg] 5}g . g]kfnL hgtf
ljb|f]xdf plq;s]sf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbLsf] s'zn g]t[Tjdf cl3 a9]sf ljb|f]xL
hgtfn] b]zsf] b'O{ltxfO{ e"–efudf cfkm\g} ;Qf ;+rfng ;d]t ul/;s]sf
5g\ .. /fhwfgLsf] l/ª/f]8 / lhNnf ;b/d'sfdx?df dfq} ;Lldt k'/fgf] ;QfnfO{
;w}+sf] nflu a9f/]/ kmfNg dxfg\ hgljb|f]xsf] tof/Ldf hgtf h'l6;s]sf 5g\ .
dxfg\ hgtfsf] ck/fh]o zlQmsf] cufl8 ;+;f/sf hlt;'s} 7"nf tfgfzfxx? klg
w'nf]kL7f] x'g]5g\ .. ;+;f/sf ;fd|fHojfbLx? xf] vj/bf/ † g]kfnL
hgtfsf] clwsf/dfly xft xfNg] k|of; gu/ . cfkm\gf] b]zdf s'g k|sf/sf] zf;g
Joj:yf ;+rfng ug{] eGg] s'/fsf] km};nf ug{ hgtf :jtGq 5g\ . ¥
k"jL{ t/fO{df o;/L
lj:yflkt x'“b}5 k'/fgf] ;Qf
hut
nfdf
k'/fgf] ;Qf b]zsf ;a} kxf8L
lhNnfx?sf ;b/d'sfdd} s}b x'g' k/]em}+ oltv]/ t/fO{sf lhNnfx?df klg ToxL lgolt
ef]Ug yfn]sf] 5 . lbglbg} h;f] k'/fgf] ;Qfsf ;'/Iff lgsfonfO{ ;b/d'sfddf
s]lGb|t ul/Psf] 5 . /Iff / u[x dGqfnosf] em'¶f] k|rf/ cft+ssf] h'xf/LnfO{
/fd|};“u a'em]sf k"jL{ g]kfnsf ljz]ifu/L t/fO{ / r'/]sf hgtfsf] egfO 5–
…ca b'Zdgsf] lj?4 gn8L :jGtqtf / clwsf/ kfOGg /x]5 .Ú k"jL{ t/fO{sf
clwsf+z hgtfsf] o:t} egfO 5 . k"jL{ t/fO{sf hgtfsf] hgljb|f]xnfO{
k'/fgf] ;Qfsf zfxL ;]gfn] /f]s]/ /f]Sg g;lsg] hgfwf/ b]vfk/]sf] cg'e"lt
hf]s;}nfO{ x'g yfn]sf] 5 .
hltv]/ sf7df8f}+sf Pc/sl08;g dxndf a:g]
zf;sx? g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ n] jftf{ k|lqmofsf] cf}lrTo ;dfKt ePsf] 3f]if0ff
u/]kl5 cGwf] emf]+sdf cft+ssf/L 3f]if0ff ub{} lyP, To;}a]nf t/fO{sf zx/ ahf/df
/x]sf hgtfn]– …cfhb]lv km]l/ ;/sf/ cft+ssf/L x'g yfNof]Ú eGb} lyP .
k"j{–klZrd /fhdfu{l:yt
nfxfg ahf/sf u0f]z sfsL{ / hn]Zj/sf k|e' ld>sf] egfO lyof]– …b]pjf ;/sf/n]
em}+ ;"o{axfb'/ yfkfsf] ;/sf/n] cfºgf] 5ftLdf 6f“l;Psf] cft+ssf/L laNnf
dfcf]jfbLnfO{ nufpg'sf] cy{ 5}g .Ú To;f] t lj/f6gu/sf ls;fg lbg]z ;fxn]
eGg'eof]– …cy{} gePsf] cft+ssf/L laNnf / ;]gfsf] xltof/ b]vfP/ /fhf 1fg]Gb|sf]
vfgkfg w]/} lbg rNnf h:tf] nfUb}g .Ú
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xf] .Ú
t/fO{ / r'/]sf a:tLsf] gfsfx?df /flvPsf
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dxf]Q/L, ;nf{xL / l;/xfdf % hgf l;len 8]«;sf xTof/f k|x/Lx? dfcf]jfbL
5fkfdf/x?sf] lgzfgf ag] .. To;kl5 k|f/lDes r/0fsf ;fgf t/ rf]l6nf bh{gf}+
sfjf{xLx? nuftf/ x'“b} cfPsf 5g\ .
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;nf{xL lhNnf kf6L{ ;]qm]6/L s= ls;gn] atfpg'eof] . pxf“sf cg';f/ lhNnfdf
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5g\ .
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latfpg'eGbf t xfdL % hgf hgsk'/ SofDk;af6 hgd'lQm ;]gf aGg ufp“ cfPsf 5f}+Ú
eGg'x'G5 z]v/ zfx . To:t} lj/f6gu/, emfkf, Onfd, k;f{, lrtjg nufotsf
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hgd'lQm ;]gfdf egf{ x'g]x?sf] nx/ g} rn]sf] s'/f ufp“3/df lgs} b]Vg / ;'Gg
kfOG5 .
k"j{df zfxL cd]l/sg ;]gf / ;z:q k|x/Lsf] cft+s v]Kg afWo
kfl/Psf] cj:yfsf] rrf{ ubf{ rfx] /f}tx6sf hgtfsf] xf];\ jf dxf]Q/L, rfx] pbok'/
jf l;/xfsf hgtfsf] Pp6} egfO 5– pgLx?sf] :j]t cft+s ?s'd, /f]Nkfsf hgtfn] v]k]/
gof“ Oltxf; lgdf{0f u/] eg] xfdL s;f] g;sf}+nf / <Ú ljzfn kfzjfgsf] of]
egfOn] ;a}sf] efjgf ;d]6]sf] 5– æclwsf/sf nflu ;s] n8\g' k5{, g;s] k|]/0ff
lbg'k5{ .Æ jf:tjdf oltv]/ k"jL{ t/fO{ nfn t/fO aGb}5 . æxfd|f]
clwsf/ nfn t/fO{ gx'“bf k|fKt x'Gg eGg] s'/f :ki6 eO;Sof] .Æ ljzfnsf] yk
egfO lyof] .