jftf{ eª\ukZrft\ k}bf ePsf
t/ª\uaf/] Ps rrf{
– lbjfs/
k'/fgf] ;QfkIfn] cfºgf] ;~rf/ ;fwgaf6 hlt;'s} uf]ojN; z}nLdf
k|rf/ u/] klg of] jftf{ e+u x'g'df p;sf] ;fdGtL lg/+s'ztfjfbL ;f]+r / z}nL lhDd]jf/
/x]sf] s'/f lbgsf] 3fdem+} 5n{¨ 5 . o'4lj/fd / jftf{ k|lqmofnfO{ u[xo'4sf]
ljsf;;+u} k}bf ePsf] /0fg}lts ;Gt'ng tyf b]zsf] ljlzi6 e"–/fhgLltsf]
kl/0ffd xf] eGg] w/ftnLo oyfy{nfO{ cfºgf] k|ltufdL lrGtgsf sf/0f k'/fgf]
;QfkIfn] :jLsf/ ug{ ;s]g . To:t} xfd|f] kf6L{n] oxL oyf{ynfO{ u+eL/ cfTd;ft ub}
cfºgf] l;w} u0ftGq :yfkgfsf] tfTsflns sfo{qmdnfO{ :yug u/L ;+ljwfg ;efdfkm{t\
hgtfnfO{ g} ;a} s'/fsf] l5gf]kmfgf] ug{ lbg] k|:tfj ub}{ cToGt nrstf;lxt
jftf{df ;dfj]z ePsf] s'/fnfO{ klg cfºgf] v'/fkmftL ;f]+rsf sf/0f cfTd;ft ug{
;s]g . kmntM hgtf g} Oltxf;sf lgdf{tf x'g / ;fdGtL lg/+s'ztfjfbL zf]if0f
pTkL8gaf6 jfSslbSs ag]sf g]kfnL hgtf k|ult, zflGt / :jfeLdfgL gof“ g]kfnsf]
Oltxf; lgdf{0f ug{ rfxG5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ k"/} a]jf:tf u¥of] . /, cfºgf
ljb]zL dflnssf] cf8 e/f];fdf cfºgf] ;fdGtL x7 k|bz{g ub}{ o'4lj/fd jftf{
k|s[ofsf] k|f/Deb]lv g} cfkm' ;d]t eP/ agfPsf] cfrf/;+lxtf / lg0f{ox?sf]
PstkmL{ pNn3+g ub}{ cfof] . o;f] x'“bfx“'b} klg cfºgf] pRr lhDd]jf/Laf]w;lxt
xb};Ddsf] w}o{tfsf] k|bz{g ub}{ xfd|f] kf6L{n] g]kfnL hgtfsf] rfxgfcg';f/
cu|ufdL /fhg}lts lgsf;sf nflu clGtd;Dd k|of; u¥of] . h;sf] kl/0ffd jftf{
t]>f] r/0f;Dd cufl8 a9\of] . xfd|f] pRr lhDd]jf/Laf]w / jftf{nfO{
kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg ckgfOPsf] nrstfnfO{ cfºgf] s'6g}lts k|ult dfGb} jftf{sf]
cfj/0fdf k'/fgf] ;QfkIfn] eLif0f ;}Go cfqmd0fsf] of]hgf agfO{ k'gM g/;+xf/df
pqg] tof/Lsf] ?kdf dfq jftf{nfO{ lnPsf] oyfy{ bfª xfk'/]df k|:t't k'/fgf]
;QfkIfsf] k|:tfjn] emg} k'li6 u¥of] . jftf{df a;]sf b'O{ kIFx? Pp6f /fHo;Qf
cGt{ut /x]sf ;fdflhs, cfly{s ;+u7g jf ;+:yf geP/ b'O{ /fHo;Qfsf k|ltlglw x'g
eGg] s'/f / To;df d'Vo Ph]08f /fhg}lts lg0f{osf] g} x'G5 eGg] s'/f hf] s;}n]
klg ;xh} a'¤g] s'/f xf] . To:t} of] s'/f klg :ki6 5 ls gof“ ;Qfsf] g]t[Tj
ul//x]sf] xfd|f] kf6L{n] z'?b]lv g} cfºgf] k|:tfjdf /fv]sf] s'/f jt{dfg ;+ljwfg
/ /fHo;Qf cGt{utsf] zf;g k|0ffnLdf æcu|ufdL ;'wf/Æ geP/ jt{dfg ;+ljwfg /fHo;Qf
/ zf;g k|0ffnLd} cu|ufdL kl/jt{g xf] . /, o;sf] nflu uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng, cGtl/d
;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg ;ef sf] dfWodaf6 ;fj{ef}d hgtfåf/f :jLs[t kl/0ffdnfO{ :jLsf/
u/]/ hfcf}“ eGg] xf] . o;/L x]bf{ xfd|f] kf6L{n] kl/0ffd / k|s[of b'j}df
OdfGbf/Lk"j{s Go"gtd, xb};Dd nlrnf] ag]/ k|:t't x“'b} z'?b]lv g} oxL
s'/fnfO{ k|yd dxTjsf ;fy p7fg ub}{ cfPsf] s'/f klg :ki6 b]Vg ;lsG5 . ;fdGtL
lg/+s'ztfjfbL lrGtg / if8\oGqfTds sfo{ k2ltaf6 u|:t k'/fgf] ;QfkIfn] z'?df g}
d'Vo ljifoj:t'nfO{ lsgf/f nufp“b} ;xfos Ph]08fnfO{ cfufl8 ;fb}{ cfPsf] lyof] /
bfª xfk'/] jftf{df cy{xLg / cf}lrToxLg zAbhfnåf/f el/Psf] æ/fHo k|0ffnLdf
cu|ufdL ;'wf/Æ sf] Ph]08f k|:t't u/L To;}nfO{ lg/Gt/tf dfq lbPg ls /fhgLlts Ph]08fdf
k|j]z ug]{ xfd|f] k|:tfjnfO{ ;d]t k"0f{ OGsf/ u¥of] . o;/L z'?b]lv g}
k'/fgf] ;QfkIfn] Pskl5 csf]{ cfn6fn ub}{ h'g if8\oGqfTds /j}of k|:t't ub}{
cfof], of] jftf{af6 x6\g] p;sf] sfo{g}lts pkqmd lyof] . csf]{ cy{df, jftf{
k|s[ofdf p;n] ef]Ug' k/]sf] k/fho klg lyof] . of] k'/fgf] ;QfkIfsf] ;fdGtL x7jfbL dfgl;stf;+u} jftf{af6 efUg]
k/fhojfbL dfgl;stfsf] gf¨f] k|bz{g klg lyof] . o; l:yltdf o'4lj/fd / jftf{
k|lqmofsf] k6fIf]k x'g' g} lyof] . l:yltsf] oxL uDeL/tfnfO{ Wofg lbb} xfd|f]
uf}/jzfnL kf6L{sf >4]o cWoIf s= k|r08n] o'4lj/fd / jftf{ k|s[ofsf] ;du|
;+Zn]if0f;lxt æk'/fgf] ;QfkIfn] d'vdf /fd/fd aunLdf 5'/fsf] z}nLdf jt{dfg
o'4lj/fd / jftf{af6 cu|ufdL lgsf;sf] ;+efjgfnfO{ cGTo u/]sfn] o'4lj/fd
cfrf/;+lxtf / jftf{ k|s[ofsf] cf}lrTo ;dfKt ePsf]Æ egL 3f]if0ff ug'{eof] . /,
/fli6«o :jfeLdfg zflGt / k|ultsfdL hg;d'bfosf] OR5f / rfxgfsf] k|ltlglwTj ub}{
zflGtk"0f{ 9+uaf6 cu|ufdL lgsf; lgsfNg xfdL xb};Dd nlrnf] x“'bfx“'b} klg
k'/fgf] ;QfkIFsf] k|ltudgsf/L ;f+]r / if8\oGqfTds z}nLsf ;fy} j}b]lzs zlQm
s]Gb|– ljz]iftM cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbåf/f ;Ddf]lxt zfxL ;]gfsf] pR5[ª\vn /
pQ]hgfTds sfjf{xL cflb sf/0fn] g} o'4lj/fd / jftf{ e+u x'g k'Uof] .
o;/L cfºgf] lr/kl/lrt
qmGbg;lxt k'/fgf] ;QfkIf j:t'tM jftf{ k|s[ofaf6 kl5 x6]kl5 s= cWoIFn] jftf{
;dfKt ePsf] 3f]if0ff ug'{ j}1flgs / j:t'jfbL lyof] . h;sf] kl/0ffd o'4lj/fd /
jftf{ k|lqmofsf] k6fIf]k x'g k'u]sf] dfq xf]Og k'gM o'4sf] kl/b[Zo ;d]t ;txdf
cfO;s]sf] 5 . olta]nf l;+uf] b]z Psk6s km]l/ eLif0f u[xo'4sf] df]rf{df ablnPsf]
5 . k"j{b]lv klZrd, t/fO{b]lv kxf8, zx/ ahf/ / k'/fgf] ;QfkIFsf] /fhwfgLdf
;d]t k|To]s lbg h:t} ljljw sfjf{xLx? eO/x]sf 5g\ . cfºgf ;+rf/ dfWodx?df pxL
lr/kl/rt z}nLdf k'/fgf] ;QfkIFsf] lrTsf/ ug{ yfn]sf 5g / dg gk/L gk/Lsg klg
ltgsf ss{; k|nfkx? ;'Gg hgdfg; afWo eO/x]sf 5g . k'/fgf] ;QfkIFLo ;~rf/–dfWodaf6
k|To]s lbg lbOPsf o'4 ljj/0fx? ;'g]/ ax';+Vos dflg;x? cf]+7 n]k|fp“b} cfºgf]
sfo{df nflu/x]sf 5g . dflg;sf] ;fdflhs kl/j]z / ;DaGwn] g} p;sf] r]tgf lgld{t
x'g] x'“bf s]xL dflg;x? s'lx/f]sf] sfu h:t} cGof}n / cft+lst x'“b} lrRofpg] klg
ul//x]sf 5g . pgLx?sf] oxL sdhf]/L nfO{ 7Dofp“b} k|ltlqmofjfbL zlQm pgLx?nfO{
tfsL–tfsL k|xf/ ul//x]sf] 5 . slyt ;'/IFfsf] gfddf k'/fgf] ;QfkIFsf] aj{/tf
olta]]nf ;aeGbf a9L sf7df08f} nufot b]zsf d'Vo zx/–ahf/ / t/fO{ If]qdf b]lvPsf]
5 . cfºgf] ceLi6 k"/f ug{ cfkm}n] agfPsf sof}“ d"No dfGotfnfO{ ;d]t
wf]tL nufp“b} ;fdGtL lg/+s'ztfjfb / p;sf] ;+/IFs cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfb Ps k6s
km]l/ g]kfnL hgtfsf] eLif0f g/;+xf/ / ljWj+;fTds cleofgdf plqPsf] 5 . ;fdGtjfb
/ ;fd|fHojfb?kL qm"/ /fIf;x?n] k|nfk ug]{ u/]sf slyt k|hftGq, zflGt / ljsf;sf]
cfj/0f RofltPsf] dfq xf]Og cfºgf] 5'b|
:jfy{sf] lglDt h:tf];'s} lgs[i6 sfo{ ug{ klg kl5 kb}{g eGg] oyfy{n] Ps k6s
km]l/ Jofjxfl/s k'li6 kfPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} ;fdGtL k|ltudg / ljb]zL rnv]nlj?4
lg0f{ofTds ;+3{ifsf] pb\3f]if ub}{ cfGbf]ngdf plqPsf kf“r /fhg}lts bnx?
ljz]iftM g]kfnL sf+u|]; / Pdfn]n] kl/l:yltsf] km/]abn;“u} hgtfsf] cfGbf]lnt
dgl:yltsf] cfef; kfPkl5 ljb]zL k|ltlqmofjfbsf] lgb]{zgdf cfGbf]ngsf] lj;h{g ug{
cg]s axfgf vf]Hg yfNg'n] ;+;bLo Joj:yf / ;+;jfbL kf6L{x? cGttM ltg} ;fdGtL
lg/+s'ztfjfbL / ;fd|fHojfbLsf hu]8f zlQm / ;fwg x'g eGg] s'/fsf] klg km]l/
Psk6s Jofjxfl/s k'li6 ePsf]] 5 . cfkm"nfO{ k|hftGqsf] dl;xf 7fGg] g]kfnL
sf+u|]; / Tof] k|lt:kwf{df sf+u|];nfO{ pl5Gg vf]Hg] g]=s=kf Pdfn]sf] of]
nHhfhgs ktg x'“bf klg cem pgLx?af6} ;+o'Qm ;+3{if cufl8 a9fpg d]xgt ul//xg]
g]=s=kf= -Pstf s]Gb|–d;fn_, g]=d=ls=kf x?sf] gLlt / sfo{ljlw klg afn'jfaf6 t]n
lgsfNg] gLlt, ljlw l;jfo c? s]xL xf]Og eGg] s'/f klg bXf];“u k'li6 x'“b} uPsf]
5 . cfGbf]ngn] /fhg}lts kf6L{ / tLgsf g]tfx?nfO{ pDsg} g;lsg] u/L vfbL /x]sf]
x'G5 . hgtfGqLs/0fsf] % bzseGbf a9L ;dosf] g]kfnL hg–cfGbf]ngn] g]kfnsf ;a}
/fhg}lts kf6L{ / cfkm"nfO{ hgtflGqs cfGbf]ngsf lbUuh 7fGg] ltgsf g]tfnfO{
lg/Gt/ s;Ldf 3f]l6/x]sf] 5 . ltgsf ækljqÆ lrGtg / æJojxf/ s'zntfÆ /
sfo{–k2ltnfO{ wHhL p8fp“b} cfh dxfg\ g]kfnL hgo'4 g]kfnL hgtflGqs cfGbf]ngsf]
Ps dfq k|ltlglwsf] ?kdf :yflkt ePsf] 5 . cfºgf] ljsf;qmd;“u} cem Jofkstf /
uxgtfsf ;fy g]kfnL hgtflGqs cfGbf]ngdf hjh{:t /x]sf] ;f/;+u|xjfbL, k'R5/jfbL,
lrGtg / k|j[ltnfO{ k/f:t ub}{ dxfg\ hgo'4 cfGbf]ngsf ;a} ?knfO{ :jtGq k|of]u
ub}{ ;fdGtL lg/+s'ztfjfb / To;sf] ;+/Ifs ;fd|fHojfbsf lj?4 eLif0f 6Ss/
lnO/x]sf] 5 . l;+uf] ljZjnfO{ g} emsemsfp“b} l;+uf] b]z Ps k6s km]l/ eLif0f
u[xo'4df xf]ldPsf] 5 . cfGbf]ngsf] csf}{ cWofo–/0fg}lts ;Gt'ngsf] r/0faf6
cfºgf] df}lns sfo{gLltx?sf] ljsf; ub}{ dxfg hgo'4sf] /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fsf]
P]ltxfl;s r/0fsf] ;'?jft ePsf] 5 .
u[xo'4 yfngL;+u} zflGtsf] s'/f klg rs}{ 9+un] p7L/x]sf] 5 .
zflGt ;a}sf] ;fj{ef}d nIf xf] / ;a} zflGt :yfkgf ug{ rfxG5g\ . t/, cd"t{
zflGtsf] s'/f ub}{df zflGt :yfkgf x'“b}g . lx+;fåf/f :yfkgf ePsf] /fHo;Qfdf
d"t{ zflGtsf] :yfkgf lx+;fåf/f g} x'G5 eGg] s'/f dfgj ;dfh ljsf;sf]
Oltxf;sf] ;fdfGo 1fg x'g] hf] s;}n klg a'em]s} s'/f xf] . cem /fHo;Qfsf] ljsf;
k|s[of;“u} ljsl;t cfhsf] ;fd|fHojfbL /fHo;Qf hf] ;}GojfbL /fHo;Qfsf] ?kdf ljZj
;fd' v8f 5 Toxf“ zflGt :yfkgfsf] d"t{ sfo{ ;+kfbg kmut zflGtsf] ehg ufP/
dfq x'g ;Sb}g . zflGt b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g d'bf{ zflGt / hLljt zflGt . h'g
/fHo;Qfn] lx+;fnfO{ g} d'Vo dfWod agfp“b} hg–;dfhdf d'bf{ zflGt :yfkgf
ul//x]sf] 5, Toxf“ hLljt zflGt Nofpg hg–;d'bfosf] lx;f+Tds k|lt/f]w cfjZos dfq
xf]Og clgjfo{ zt{ aGg k'Ub5 . oxL+g]/ csf]{ s] s'/f klg :ki6 x'g cfjZos 5
eg] qm"/ eGbf qm"/ zf]ifs, pTkL8s, tfgfzfxx?n] zflGts} b'xfO{ lbb}
cfºgf] zf]if0f, pTkL8g / bdgsf] ceLi6 k"/f ul//x]sf x'G5g . /f0ffx?sf]
hxflgof“ zf;g, /fhf dx]Gb|sf] k+rfotL zf;g x'“b} clxn] /fhf 1fg]Gb|sf] dx]Gb|
aGg] p2]Zosf ;fy kbf{ k5fl8sf] zf;g ;a}n] æzflGt / cdgrogÆ sf] :yfkgf eg]/ /fHo
lx+;f ;+rfng ul//x]sf] s'/f s;}af6 l5k]sf] 5}g . slyt cft+sjfbsf lj?4 k|hftGq,
zflGt / k|ults} b'xfO lb+b} cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbn] ckmufgL:tfg, O/fs nufot ljZjsf
b]zx?df g/;+xf/ cleofg ;+rfng ul//x]sf] dfq xf]Og ToxL /fu cnfKb} g]kfn /
g]kfnL hgtfdfly aa{/ xTof–lx+;fsf] >[+vnf a9fpg /fhf 1fg]Gb| / zfxL ;]gfnfO{
;a} k|sf/n] ;xof]u / ;+/If0f ul//x]sf] 5 . ctM zflGtsf] cd"t{ kmnfsf]
xf]Og hLljt zflGt :yfkgf ug{ ;a} g]kfnLx? ;fdGtL lg/+s'ztfjfb lj?4 /
hg–u0ftGqsf] :yfkgfy{ ;+rflnt ;+3{ifsf] Psdfq k|ltlglwsf] ?kdf cl3 al9/x]sf]
dxfg\ hgo'4df ;fd]n x'g' g} j}1flgs / j:t'jfbL oyfy{ xf] .
jftf{ k|s[ofåf/f zflGtk"0f{ lgsf;sf] ck]Iff ul//x]sf]
a]nf k'gM u[xo'4sf] z'?jft x'g' b'Mvb s'/f xf] . lgZro g} zflGt / k|ultsfdL
hg;d'bfonfO{ o;n] b'Mlvt / pB]lnt u/fO/x]sf] 5 . t/, xfdL s] s'/fdf klg e|d
d'Qm x'g'kb{5 eg] xTof, lx+;f / cft+ssf] ue{af6 hlGdPsf] / ToxL ;fwgsf] k|of]u
ub}{ cfdhg–;d'bfodfly zf]if0f, bf]xg / pTkL8g ul//x]sf] ;fdGtL lg/+s';tfjfb /
;fd|fHojfbsf] clGtd cj;fg geP;Dd s'g} g s'g} ?kdf of] >+[vnf hf/L g} /xG5 .
/, o;nfO{ ;dfKt kfg{ hgtfsf] k|ltlx+;fTds cfGbf]ng clgjfo{ x'G5 . /, o;n] dfq
k|ltlqmofjfbL cft+snfO{ ;dfKt ug{ ;lsG5 . o; cy{df clxn] ;+rfng ePsf]
u[xo'4nfO{ k|ltlqmofjfbsf] clGtd cj;fg ug]{ o'4sf] ?kdf x]l/g' / a'¤g' kb{5 .
o'4sf] ljsf;qmd;“u} /0fg}lts ;Gt'ngsf] r/0fdf ljsl;t dxfg\ hgo'4 /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fdf k|j]zsf] sfo{g}lts
k|s[ofsf] ?kdf x]l/g' / a'¤g' kb{5 . csf]{ zAbdf eGbf % bzseGbf a9L ;dob]lv
;+rflnt g]kfnL hgu0ftflGqs cfGbf]ng @! cf}+ ztfAbLsf] gof“ ljz]iftf ;lxt pRr
;+Zn]if0fsf nflu gof“ r/0fdf k|j]z cyf{t\ dfS;{jfb, n]lggjfb, dfcf]jfb /
k|r08kysf] csf]{ pRr ;+Zn]if0fsf] k|s[ofdf k|j]z klg eGg ;lsG5 . h;n] cfºgf]
;+Zn]if0fsf] k|s[of;“u} g]kfnaf6 ;fdGtL lg/+s';tfjfbL / ;fd|fHojfbL pTkL8g /
cft+snfO{ ;bfsf] lglDt ;dfKt kfb}{ hgtfsf] gof“ hg–u0ftGqfTds /fHo;Qfsf]
lgdf{0f ug]{5 . of] dxfg\ ;+efjgf k|fKt ug{ xfd|f cufl8 /fli6«o–cGt{/fli6«o
uDeL/ r'gf}ltx? klg v8f 5g\ . t/ ltgsf] ;fdgf ub}{ cl3 a9\g] j}1flgs ljrf/
dfn]dfjfb / k|r08ky tyf To;sf] /fhgLlt / kmf}hL sfo{lbzf xfdL;“u 5 . b[9
OR5fzlQm, ;fx; / ;f}o{tf;lxt To;sf] ;[hgfTds k|of]u u/L xfdL ;a} k|sf/sf
r'gf}ltnfO{ kf/ ub}{ gof“ cfwf/df gof“ 9+un] ;'–;+ul7t hgu0ftflGqs g]kfnsf]
lgdf{0f u/L 5f8\g] 5f} . hf], g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtfsf nflu uj{ / xiff]{Nnf;sf]
ljifo t x'g] g} 5, To;n] /fli6«otf / hgjfbL cfGbf]ngdf cfGbf]ng/t cGt{/fli6«o
hg;d'bfonfO{ ;d]t dxTjk"0f{ pmhf{ k|bfg ug]{ P]ltxfl;s sf];]9'¨f x'g]5 .
cGt/f{li6«ohut\
blIf0f Plzof ljZj ;j{xf/f qmflGtsf] cfwf/Onfsf aGb}5
– czf]s
qmflGtsf/L cGt/f{li6«ojfbL cfGbf]ng (Revolutionary Internationalist Movement) l/dsf] blIf0f Plzof If]qLo ;Dd]ng @)^) ;fn c;f/sf]
klxnf] ;ftf eJo / ;fgbf/ ?kdf ;DkGg ePsf] s'/f ;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5 . of] kf“rf}
IF]qLo ;Dd]ng xf] / clxn];Ddsf ;Dd]ngdWo] of] ;aeGbf ;kmn ;Dd]ng xf] eGg] s'/f
;Dd]ngkl5sf] d"NofÍgdf ;+Zn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
;j{k|ydtM of] ;Dd]ng ;j{xf/f ju{sf]
cfºg} juL{o ;Qf sfod ePsf] pl8;f,5QL;u9 / emf/v08sf] ;Ldf hf]l8Psf]
e"efudf qmflGtsf/L hg;]gfsf] ;+/If0f / ;xof]udf cToGt} eJo / ;fgbf/ 9+un]
;hfPsf] æogfg xnÆdf ;kmn x'g' cToGt} v'zLsf] s'/f xf] . o;n] ;j{xf/f ju{sf]
cfºgf] ;Qf st} 5}g eGg] sygnfO{ unt l;4 ub}{5 . blIf0f Plzofdf ;j{xf/f ju{sf]
alnof] /fHo;Qf h;nfO{ xfdLn] gof“ ;Qf eg]sf 5f}+, g]kfndf dha't aGb} uPsf] 5 /
ef/tdf klg To;k|sf/sf ;Qfsf] hGd eO;s]5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ kf“rf}+ cf/=;L= (Regional Conference) sf] eJo ;kmntfn] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 .
blIF0f Plzofsf l/d (RIM) ;+u ;DalGwt ;Rrf dfS;{jfbL–n]lggjfbL–dfcf]jfbL
qmflGtsf/L kf6L{x?sf] of] ;Dd]ng ;j{k|ydtM ljZj sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ng / vf;u/L
blIf0f Plzofsf] sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] ljsf;sf] ljlzi6 P]ltxfl;s r/0fdf ;DkGg
ePsf] 5 . k|yd, g]kfnsf] hgo'4 /fhg}lts tyf kmf}hL ?kn] /0fg}lts ;Gt'ngaf6
/0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fsf] ;+qmd0fsfnLg r/0f, låtLo ef/tdf 5l/P/ /x]sf ;Rrf
qmflGtsf/L dfn]dfjfbL kf6L{x?sf aLrsf] kf6L{ Pstfsf] ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yf /
t]>f] O/fs o'4kl5 ljZjdf pTkGg gof“ kl/l:ylt / cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfblj?4 ljZj
hgdt tof/ x'“b} uPsf] o;k|sf/sf] ;+uLg / P]ltxfl;s 3l8df dfn]dfjfbL kf6L{x?sf]
;Dd]ng u/L ljBdfg l:yltsf] af/]df 3lge"t 5nkmn / efjL /0fgLlt tof/ ug{
ul/Psf] k|oTgn] 7"nf] P]ltxfl;s dxTj /fv]sf] 5 .
blIf0f PlzofnL IF]qLo ;Dd]ngkl5 hf/L
ul/Psf] jStJosf] d"n l:k|6 / cfzoaf6 of] s'/f k|i6 x'G5 ls sl/a Ps xKtf;Dd
;+rflnt ;Dd]ngsf] clwsf+z ;do g]kfnsf] hgo'4sf] ljsf;sf] af/]df vlr{Psf] lyof]
. g]kfndf 5nfª\do ultdf ePsf] ljsf;sf] sf/0f s] xf] < o'4sf] ljsf; / ljrf/sf]
ljsf;sf aLrsf] åGåfTds ;DaGw s;/L sfod ePsf] 5 < of] ljsf; g]kfnsf] hgo'4sf]
cfºg} ljlzi6tfsf] kl/lwleq dfq s]lGb|t 5 jf o;n] ;fj{ef}d rl/q u|x0f ug'{kg]{
s'/f s] s] x'g ;S5g\ < g]kfnsf] hgo'4sf] ljsf; / /Iff s;/L x'g;S5 < cflb
ljifodf lj:t[t 5nkmn ePsf] s'/f k|i6 5 . g]kfnsf] hgo'4af6 l;sf}+ / l;Sg'k5{
eGg] s'/fdf ;femf ;xdlt sfod x'g' / cGo kf6L{x?n] j}rfl/s /fhg}lts, kmf}hL /
;+u7gfTds IF]qdf ePsf] g]kfnL hgo'4sf] 5nfª\do ljsf;sf] glhsaf6 cWoog ug{
lh1f;f /fVg' dfn]dfjfb / k|r08kydf ePsf] yk ljsf;sf] clgjfo{ cleJolQm xf] .
g]kfnL hgo'4n] /fli6«o ;Ldf gf3]/ cGt//fi6«Los/0f ePkl5 / hgo'4 bdgsf nflu ljZj
;fd|fHo pkl:yt eO;s]kl5 cyf{t\ ljZj ;fd|fHojfbl;t cfdg]–;fdg]sf] r/0fdf o'4n]
k|j]z u/]kl5 xfd|f ljrf/ / Jojxf/ b'j}n] ;fj{ef}d rl/q u|x0f ub}{ uPsf 5g\ . ljlzi6tfleq
;fj{ef}ldstf / ;fy{ef}ldstfleq ljlzi6tfaLrsf] åGåfTds ;DaGwnfO{ 7Ls;“u gks8L ca
x'g] ljZj ;j{xf/f qmflGt ;kmn x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] g]kfnL hgo'4 ljZj ;j{xf/f
qmflGtsf] cleGg c+u aGg k'u]sf] 5 eg] g]kfnL hgo'4af6 k|fKt cg'ej / lzIffx?
ljZj ;j{xf/f ju{sf cleGg ljrf/sf] ?kdf u|x0f ul/b}+5g\ . of] xfd|f] nflu
uf}/jsf] ljifo xf] .
;Dd]ngn] blIf0f PlzofnfO{ ljZj ;j{xf/f
qmflGtsf] t'kmfgL s]Gb| dfg]/ o; If]qsf] sfdnfO{ 3lge"t ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf]
5 . o; If]qsf ;Dk"0f{ pTkLl8t d'lQmsfdL hgtfsf nflu of] v'zLsf] s'/f xf] .
l/d sld6Ln] blIf0f PlzofnfO{ ljZj ;j{xf/f qmflGtsf] cfwf/Onfsf (Base Area) 3f]if0ff u/]/ o; If]qsf
qmflGtsf/L dfn]dfjfbL zlQmx?sf] dgf]jn prf u/]sf] 5 / g]kfn blIf0f Plzofsf]
dfn]dfjfbL cfGbf]ngsf] cfwf/Onfsf x'g;S5 eGg]
xfd|f] kf6L{sf] bf]>f] P]ltxfl;s /fli6«o ;Dd]ngn] u/]sf] lg0f{on]
To;sf] cf}lrTosf] yk k'li6 ePsf] 5 .
;Dd]ng blIf0f Plzofdf 5l/P/ /x]sf l/dleq
/ l/d aflx/sf ;Rrf dfn]dfjfbL /fhg}lts kf6L{x?aLrsf] kf6L{ Pstfsf] ljifodf klg
s]lGb|t ePsf] a'lemPsf] 5 . l/dsf] sld6Ln] ;j{k|yd l/d sld6Lleqsf kf6L{x?aLrsf]
kf6L{ PstfnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg' :jfefljs} xf] . xfn} cf/=;L=;L=cf/ -Pd_ /
dfcf]jfbL sDo'lgi6 s]Gb|sf aLr ePsf] kf6L{ PstfnfO{ ;sf/fTds ?kdf lnPsf] 5 .
To;n] kf6L{ Pstfsf] 9f]sf vf]n]sf] 5 . l/dleqsf cGo kf6L{x?aLr Pstfsf] ;+efjgf
k|an ag]sf] 5 / o;k6ssf] cf/=;L= qmflGtsf/L zlQmnfO{ Pp6} em08f d'lg uf]naGb
ug]{ l:k|6 k}bf ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 .
blIf0f Plzofdf l/d (RIM) aflx/ klg sltko ;Rrf qmflGtsf/L dfn]dfjfbL kf6L{x?n]
hgo'4 ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ / sltko To;sf] tof/Ldf h'6]sf 5g\ . ef/tsf]
;L=kL=cfO{=– Pd=Pn= -kL=8An'_n] nfdf] ;dob]lv hgo'4 ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . of]
kf6L{ l/ddf 5}g . dfcf]jfbL sDo'lgi6 ;]G6/ (MCC) / kL=8An' sf aLr kf6L{ Pstfsf] clGtd tof/L ePsf] 5 .
kf“rf}+ cf/=;L= (Regional Conference) n] Tof] Pstf ;}4flGts, j}rfl/s cfwf/df dfn]dfjfbsf]
;fj{ef}d ;QfnfO{ ljsl;t ug]{ / hgo'4nfO{ cu|ult lbg] lbzfdf nlIft / s]lGb|t
x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/fdf ;xdlt ePsf]] 5 . ef/tdf ;+rflnt hgo'4sf] dfqfTds ljsf;
x'“b} cfPsf] / To;nfO{ u'0ffTds 5nfª\sf] ?kdf ljsf; u/fpg s;/L ;+ej x'G5 / ;lsG5
eGg]af/] klg 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . k]? / g]kfnsf] hgo'4sf ;sf/fTds kxn'af6 l;Sg
;lsg] / æg]kfnsf] hgo'4af6 l;sf}+Æ eGg] s'/fdf klg ;Dd]ng ;xdt ePsf] a'lemPsf]
5 .
blIf0f PzLofsf dfn]dfjfbL kf6L{x?aLr
ljut s]xL ;do otf qmflGtsf/L kf6L{ Pstf / hgo'4sf] yfngL (Inititation) sf] lbzfdf u'0ffTds ?kn] ljsf; x“'b} uPsf] 5 . of]
r]tgfsf] ljsf; TolQs} ePsf] xf]Og .
3/]n' k|ltlqmofjfb / ;fd|fHojfbL zlQmsf aLrsf] u7aGwg / w'|jLs/0f j:t'ut
aGb} uPsf] 5 eg] ;j{xf/f ju{ k+lQmsf ;Rrf qmflGtsf/LaLr ;}4flGts, j}rfl/s cfwf/df
dhj't Pstf sfod u/L 3/]n' k|ltlqmofjfb tyf ljZj ;fd|fHojfbsf lj?4sf] ;+3if{nfO{
zlQmzfnL agfpg' clgjfo{ ePsf] 5 .
blIf0f Plzofsf l/d sld6L aflx/sf
dfcf]jfbL kf6L{x?aLrsf] ;DaGw agfO/xg sDkf];f (ccomposa) h:tf ;+u7gx?sf] sfd Jojl:yt ug]{ ;xdlt ePsf] / e'6fg
sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] gLlt / sfo{qmd cWoogkl5
sDkf];f / l/ddf ;fd]n ug]{ ;xdlt sfod ePsf] s'/f klg ;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5 .
cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfb ljZj sDo'lgi6
cfGbf]ng / ljz]ifu/L blIf0f Plzofsf] qmflGtsf/L dfn]dfjfbL cfGbf]ngsf] uDeL/
vt/f aGb} uPsf] ;Dd]ngn] dx;'; u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] hgo'4 bdgsf nflu ljut s]xL
;do otf cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbsf] ;]gfdf ePsf] 3';k}7 / zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf (RNA) nfO{ k|lzIf0f, k|fljlws ;xof]u /
cfly{s ;xfotfsf gfddf cd]l/sL ;]gfdf abNg] ;fd|fHojfbL xs{tk|lt ;Dd]ngdf uDeL/
5nkmn eof] . g]kfndf cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbn] ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbL zf;s u'6nfO{ cfºgf]
k|efjdf lnP/ o; IF]qsf hgtfsf] qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ngsf] bdg ug]{ if8\oGqsf lj?4
cfGbf]ng t]h kfg{ æcd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfb blIf0f Plzof 5f]8Æ eGg] gf/fdf ;xdt ePsf]
5 .
O/fsdflysf] cd]l/sL cfqmd0fkl5 gof“ ljZj
kl/l:ylt l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . cGt/;fd|fHojfbL cGt/lj/f]w rls{Psf] 5 . cd]l/sL
;fd|fHojfb tyf pTkLl8t /fi6«sf aLrsf] cGt/lj/f]w emg\ wfl/nf] aGb} uPsf]
s'/fsf] ;+Zn]if0f ePsf] 5 . O/fsdf cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbåf/f ePsf] gf+uf]
x:tIf]ksf] lj/f]w ub}{ O/fsaf6 cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfb t'?Gt} lkmtF{ x'g' k5{ eGg]
s'/fdf ljZjJofkL ?kdf hf]8 lbg] / ;fd|fHojfb lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngnfO{
8An'=kL=cf/=Pd= sf] dfWodåf/f ljZjJofkL ?kdf ;+ul7t ug]{ ;xdlt eof] h'g
clxn]sf] cj:yfdf clgjfo{ lyof] . ;fd|fHojfb lj/f]wL ljzfn ljZj hgdt tof/ x'g'
ljZj ;j{xf/f qmflGtsf] nflu v';Lsf] s'/f xf] . @! cf}+ ztfAbL ljZj
;fd|fHojfbsf] cGt / ljZj ;dfhjfbL qmfLGtsf] ljhosf] ztfAbL x'g]5 . ljZj
;fd|fHojfbsf] d'sflanf ;j{xf/f ljZj b[li6sf]0f lagf ;Dej 5}g . To;}n] x/]s
b]zsf qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ngnfO{ /fli6«o ;Ldfleq s]lGb|t / ;Lldt u/]/ xf]Og ljZj
;j{xf/f ;dfhjfbL qmflGt;“u cleGg ?kdf uf“:g' clgjfo{ ePsf] s'/f ;Dd]ngn]
cfTd;ft ug{;Sg' To;sf] dxTjk"0f{ pknlAw xf] .
l/d (RIM) sf] blIf0f PlzofO IF]qLo ;Dd]ngsf] ;kmntfsf] ;Gb]z
;fj{hlgs ePkl5 o; If]qsf dfn]dfjfbL zlQmsf aLr pRr qmflGtsf/L pT;fxsf] ;+rf/
ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] hgo'4sf] ljsf; / /Iffsf nflu juL{o P]Soj4tfdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 .
ef/tsf ;Rrf dfn]dfjfbL kf6L{x?aLr ;}4flGts j}rfl/s cfwf/df kf6L{ Pstfsf] kl/kSj
kl/l:ylt l;h{gf ePsf] va/n] o; IF]qsf qmflGtsf/L kf6L{x?df pT;fxsf] ;+rf/ ePsf]
5 . e'6fgdf dfcf]jfbLsf] u7g / a+Unfb]zdf 5l/P/ /x]sf qmflGtsf/L kf6L{sf]
Pstfn] pT;fx hfu]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] k|ltlqmofjfbL ;Qfleqsf] r/d
cGt/lj/f]w, ktg / lj36gsf] l:ylt / gof“ ;Qfsf] ljsf; tyf ef/tdf gof“ hgjfbL
qmflGtsf] Pjd\ /fli6«o d'lQm cfGbf]ngx?sf] Hjf/ef6fsf] p7fg / ef/tsf]
k|ltlqmofjfbL ;Qfleqsf] cfGtl/s cGt/lj/f]w, l5d]sL b]zk|ltsf] unt ljb]z gLltaf6
pTkGg cGt/lj/f]w / b'ZdgLsf sf/0f ;Qf?9 u'6 sdhf]/ aGb} / hgo'4sf] u'0ffTds
ljsf; x'“b} uPsf] jt{dfg l:yltdf ;DkGg kf“rf} cf/=;L= sf] ;kmntfn] blIf0f Plzof
;f“Rr} g} ljZj ;j{xf/f qmflGtsf] t'kmfgL s]Gb| / cfwf/Onfsf (Base Area) aGb} uPsf] s'/f k'li6 ePsf]
5 .
zxLb ufyf
rdTsf/L z}Go snfsf wgL s= hdfg k'g
– r]tg
æsd/]8x? tkfO{ gcfltP/ cufl8 a9\g';\, n8fO{ lhltG5 .
dnfO{ oxL 5f]l8lbg';, d ca af“lRbg / d]/L
>LdtLnfO{ elglbg' kf6L{ / qmflGtsf] af6f]df ljrlnt
gx'g' h:tf] h:tf] /f]zgn] l;sfPsf 5g\ To:t} To:t} ug'{ /]===========Æ
dflysf] x/km
zxLb hdfg k'g -s= /f]zg_ sf] xf] . P]ltxfl;s ufdsf] ;+o'Qm j]; SofDkdfly wfjf
af]Ng] qmddf b'Zdgsf] uf]nLaf6 IftljIft z/L/ eP/ klg clGtd ;f; /x'Gh]n;Dd
cfkm\gf ;xof]4fx?nfO{ cufl8 a9\g pgL
lgb]{z ub}{ lyP . pko'{Qm x/kmaf6 Pp6f hgtfsf] ;]gfsf] sdf08/sf] cfkm\gf]
hLtk|ltsf] b[9tf / kl/jf/hgk|ltsf] uxg lhDd]jf/Lkgsf] emns kfpg ;lsG5 . hgd'lQm
;]gf, g]kfn klZrd sdf08 cGtu{t sfo{/t sDkgL …hLÚ sf sdf08/ s/La ;fgf 7"nf
u/L 8]9 bh{g kmf}hL sf/jfxLsf sdf08/ )%( j}zfv @$ ut] /f]Nkfsf] ufddf /x]sf
b'Zdgsf] SofDkdfly wfjf af]Nbf pxf“sf] zxfbt eof] . cfh zxLb hdfg k'g -s=
/f]zg_ xhf/f}+ hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] u'? / nfvf}+ qmflGtsf/L hgtfsf d'6'sf] 9's9'sL /
k|]/0ffsf] ;|f]t aGg'ePsf] 5 .
zxLb hdfg k'g -s= /f]zg_sf] hGd @)@& h]7 @% ut] klZrd
g]kfnsf] ju{;+3if{s} s]Gb|ljGb' dflgPsf] /f]Nkf lhNnfsf] l;k{ uf=h=;= df ePsf]
lyof] . pxf“sf] Ps >LdtL, Ps 5f]/f / Ps 5f]/Lsf] ;fgf] kl/jf/ lyof] . cToGt
u/Lj kl/jf/df hlGdg'ePsf hdfg k'g afNofj:yfd} lktfsf] d[To' ePsfn]
lkt[jfT;Notfsf] cg'ej pxf“n] ug{ kfpg' ePg . s8f ;+3if{sf aLr :yfgLo
:s"ndf kf“r sIff;Dd lzIff xfl;n u/L pxf“ kl/jf/df ;'vsf] lbg leq\ofpg
/f]huf/Lsf] vf]hLdf 3/ 5f]8\g' eof] . ;f“em / ljxfgs} ;d:of 6fg'{ pxf“sf]
jfNoj:yfb]lvs} k|d'v r'gf}tL x'“b} cfof] . ef/tsf sfnfkxf8, l;dnfdf gfnL vGg]b]lv lnP/ :ofp af]Sg] nufotsf
dhb'/L ug'{sf] lbgrof{ lyof] . Pp6f :jfeLdfgL / tftf] /utsf] o'jf hdfg k'g
ljb]zL e"lddf em]Ng'k/]sf] cGofok"0f{ Jojxf/n] pxf“ Toxf“af6 g]kfn kmls{g'
eof] . k'gM /f]huf/Lsf] nflu slxn] k"j{ kf]v/f–kfNkf t slxn] klZrd
lbkfon–8f]6Lsf kxf8x?df u}+tLa]Nrf;+u ;+3if{ ug'{ eof] . Tof] emfkf–Onfdsf lrof
jufgdf klg pxf“n] Pstfsf dhb"/L hLjg ljtfpg' ePsf] lyof] . ;+3if{ / hLjg
pxf“sf] Ps csf{sf kof{ojfrL s'/f lyP .
)$^ sf]
kl/jt{gkl5 /f]NkfnL /fhgLltsf] ;/udL{n] pxf“df ulx/f] 5fk kf¥of] . sDo'lgi6
kf6L{ / pxf“sf ljrf/x? d]n vfg yfn]kl5 hgo'4 yfngLsf] z'?jfttfsf pxf“sf]
/fhgLltk|lt ;s[otf a9\g yfNof] . pxf“sf] ldng;f/, >lds / ju{b'Zdgk|ltsf]
tLj| 3[0ffefj / kf6L{k|ltsf] jkmfbf/ Jojxf/s} sf/0f )%! d} tTsfnLg ;}Go ;+/rgf
:jo+;]js bndf /x]/ sfd ug{ yfNg' eof] . To;} ;fn kf6L{ ;b:o klg k|fKt ug'{eof]
. :yfgLo hfnL km6fxf, ;'bvf]/, ;'/fsL h;n] ;f]emf lgd'vf hgtfdfly o'uf}+b]lvsf]
Ps5q zf]if0f rnfO/x]sf lyP, logLx?sf] s= /f]zgn] k|f/lDes cj:yfd} ;ftf]
lng'eof] . hgo'4 yfngLkl5 )%@ df pxf“ n8fs' bn / )%# df ljsl;t / kl/dflh{t
5fkfdf/ bnsf ;x–sdf08/ x'g'eof] . hgtfsf] hfgL b'Zdg ;ndfg k'gsf] ;kmfof
pxf“sf] sdf08df ePsf] lyof] . )%$ df 5fkfdf/ bnsf] sdf08/ x'g'eof] . pxf“sf]
ljz]if cle?lr ;}Go If]qd} /x]sfn] kf6L{n] klg pxf“sf] ;}Go If]qd} lhDdf yKb}
uof] . ;+3if{sf cf“wL t'kmfgsf] j]u /f]Sg /f]ldof], slDjª, lsnf] z]/f 6"
h:tf ;/sf/L g/;+xf/sf/L ck|]zgx?nfO{ lg:t]h kfb}{ ;+3if{ rls{b} uof] . s=
/f]zgn]] )%$ df Ko"7fg n'ª k|x/L rf}sL nufotsf sfjf{xLx?df cfkm\gf] ;}Go
Ifdtf /fd|f];+u k|bz{g ug'{ePsf] lyof] . )%% ;fndf klZrddf ag]sf] ljz]if sfo{bn
-:k]zn 6f:s kmf];{_ sf] ;]S;g sdf08/ x'g'eof] . o;df /x“bf kf6L{n] to u/]sf
ljleGg ;}Go ldzgx?df cfkm\gf] cu|0fL e"ldsf g} /fVg s= /f]zg ;kmn /xg'eof]
. /f]Nkfsf] h]njfª :6«fOlsª a]; sofDkdflysf] cfqmd0fb]lv n“x, dxt, 3tL{ufp“,
kf“rsfl6of, b'g}, em]jfvf]nf, k~rs'n], xf]n]/L, g'jfufp“;Ddsf ;kmn kmf}hL
sfjf{xL;Dd cfp“bf pxf“sf] x}l;ot a9\b} uPsf] lyof] . )%^ df ul7t Knf6"g ;x–sdf08/
x'“b} nuQ} sdf08/sf] x}l;otn] df]rf{ ;DxfNg' eof] . )%* d+;L/ * ut] bfªsf]
3f]/fxL ;]gf Jof/]ssf] P]ltxfl;s ;kmntfb]lv d+un;]g, nDsL sfjf{xL;Dd cfp“bf
sDkgL ;x–sdf08/ x'“b} ln:g] / ufdsf] le8Gtsf a]nf pxf“sf] zxfbttfsf sDkgL …hLÚ
sf sdf08/sf] x}l;otn] lg0ff{os e"ldsf v]Nb} cfpg' eof] . zxLb s= hdfg k'g
-s=/f]zg_ ;xefuL ePsf P]ltxfl;s ;kmn df]rf{x? o;k|sf/ 5g\ M–
– )%#
Ko"7fgsf] n'ª k|x/L rf}sLdflysf] xdnf, -k|rf/fTds sfjf{xL_
– v'ª\vf/ xTof/f
;ndfgsf] ;kmfof
– )%% h]i7 !(
ut] /f]Nkfsf] h]Njfªl:yt :6«fOlsª a]; SofDkdfly cfqmd0f
– )%% j}zfv
yjfª ;6{–PDa';, Pp6f /fOkmn sAhf
– )%^ c;f/ !(
hfh/sf]6sf] nx“ O=k|=sf=df /]8
– )%^ c;f]h %
?s'dsf] dxt k|x/L a]; SofDk, 8L=P;=kL= 7"n] /fO{ sAhf
– )%^ kmfu'g ^
/f]Nkfsf] bf];|f] ;b/d'sfd v'+vf/ xTof/fx?sf] SofDk dflgPsf] 3tL{ufp“ O=k|=sf=
/]8 .
– )%& c;f/
@% hfh/sf]6sf] kf“rsl6of O=k|=sf= /]8
– )%&
c;f]hdf o"ufGtsf/L 8f]Nkfsf] ;b/d'sfd …b'g}Ú sAhf
– afUn'Ësf]
em]jfvf]nf O=k|=sf= /]8
– )%* h]i7 !@
bfªsf] k+rs'n] O=k|=sf= /]8
– )%* c;f/ @*
/f]Nkfsf] xf]n]/L /]8
– )%* c;f/ #)
xf]n]/L sfjf{xLkl5 g'jfufp“ cf]/flnPsf] ;]gf;+u k|lt/f]w / To;kl5 ePsf] jftf{df
s= /f]zgsf] d'Vo e"ldsf /x]sf] lyof]
– )%* d+;L/ *
bfªsf] 3f]/fxLl:yt ;]gf Aof/]sdflysf] ;kmn sfjf{xL
– )%* kmfu'g $
c5fdsf] d+un;]g ;]gf Aof/]sdflysf] sAhf
– s}nfnLsf] nDsL
O=k|=sf= /]8
– )%( a};fv !(
ln:g] le8Gt, hxf“ b'Zdgx?nfO{ sf]zf}+sf]z 6f9f;Dd s= /f]zgx?sf] 6Ldn] af“b/em}+
nv]6]sf lyP
– )%( a}zfv @$
/f]Nkfsf] ufdl:yt ;+o'Qm j]; SofDkdfly wfjf af}Nb} ubf{ pxf“n] zxfbt k|fKt ug'{
eof] .
lg0ff{os / rdTsf/L snfsf wgL 3+3f?sf] n¶L
/ e?jf aGb'saf6 z'? ul/Psf] hgo'4 cfh P;=Pn=cf/=, P;=Pd=hL=,Pn=Pd=hL=, @æ
df]6f{/, /fs]6 nGr/ / *! P;=Pd= df]6f{/ h:tf cTofw'lgs xltof/n] n}; xhf/f}+
hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] kmd]{zg n8fO{sf] :t/ 5fkfdf/, rnfodfg x'b} df]rf{a4 o'4sf] of]
p“rfO{;Dd NofO{k'¥ofpg s= hdfg k'g -/f]zg_ sf] pRr ;fx;, jL/tf / rdTsf/L snfsf wgLsf] cd"No
of]ubfg /Xof] . pxf“ ;xefuL /x]sf x/]s sfjf{xLx?df lg0ff{os e"ldsf /xg'
pxf“sf] d'Vo ljz]iftf lyof] . eLif0f k|lts"ntfdf klg cg's"ntf vf]Hg]
k|oTg ug'{ / hf]lvdeGbf hf]lvd;“u k|lt/f]w ub}{ b'ZdgnfO{ rdTsf/L 9+un] k/f:t
ug'{ pxf“sf] csf]{ ljz]iftf lyof] .
ldng;f/,
>lds, ljZjfl;nf] / b'Zdgk|lt cfuf] cf]sNg] pxf“sf] :jefj lyof] . sfjf{xLdf
pxf“ s]jn cfkm\gf] ;b:onfO{ dfq cufl8 a9\g lgb]{zg ug'{x'GgYof], :jo+ b'Zdg;+u
cfdg]–;fdg]sf] n8fO{sf ;f}vL x'g'x'GYof] . slxNo} klg pxf“ cu|–df]rf{d} /x]/
sdf08 ug'{x'GYof] . kf6L{n] to u/]sf cg]s ;}Gosnf ;DaGwL k|lzIf0fdf pxf“
lgk"0f{ dfq x}g To;nfO{ eLif0f k|lts"ntfdf klg cg's"ntf vf]Hg],
hf]lvdeGbf hf]lvd;+u v]Ng] snf / ;fx;n] g} pxf“ c;kmntf slxNo} dx;'; ug'{ePg .
yjfªdf ul/Psf] ;6–PDa';df pxf“n] b'ZdgnfO{ nv]6L–nv]6L /fOkmn sAhf ug'{ePsf]
lyof] . h'g 7"nf] pknlAwsf] ?kdf x]l/Psf] lyof] . hfh/sf]6sf] nx“ O=k|=sf=
/]8df rdTsf/L 9+un] SofDk sAhfdf lng ;kmn x'g'ePsf] lyof] . dxt k|x/L j];
SofDkdfly cfqmd0f ubf{ cfkm"tkm{ dha't a+s/df kmfol/ª ul//x]sf] a]nf
uf]nLsf] kjf{x gu/L b'Zdgsf] xftaf6 /fOkmn vf];]/ p;}lt/ kmsf{P/ SofDk a];df
lnPsf lyP . g'jfufp“df ;]gf;“u ePsf] k|lt/f]w / To;kl5 jftf{df pxf“n] ;kmn
s'6gLlt1sf ?kdf jftf{ ug{ kxn ug]{ lg8/ sdf08/ klg pxf“ g} x'g'x'GYof] . o;}u/L
)%* d+;L/ * bfªsf] ;]gf Jof/]sdflysf] sfjf{xLdf a+s/af6 eLif0f ?kdf Pn=Pd=hL=
kmfo/ ul//x]sf] ;]gfsf] xftaf6 Pn=Pd=hL= vf];]/ ;f/f SofDkdfly hgd'lQm ;]gfn]
kxn xfl;n u/]sf] lyof] . d+un;]gl:yt zfxL ;]gf Aof/]sdf ;/f;/ SofDk;“u} ;6]/
b'Zdgdfly lgzfgf bfUb} If0fe/d} cfTd;dk{0f ug{ gdfg]sfn] ;vfk agfpg s= /f]zgs}
cd"No of]ubfg lyof] . )%( j}zfv !( ut] cfkm\g} hGdynf]sf] ln:g] kfvfdf
b'ZdgnfO{ af“b/em}+ nv]6]/ sf];f}+sf]; 6f9f k'¥ofPsf lyP . ;f}o{tf / jL/tfsf
k|ltd"lt{ Pp6f s'zn g]t[Tjsf] Ifdtf /fVb} o'4nfO{ ljhosf] clGtd If0f;Dd
Nofpg] s= hdfg k'g /f]Nkf lhNnfsf] ufdl:yt ;]gfsf] ;+o'Qm j]; SofDkdfly
ln:g]sf] eL8Gt nuQ} $ lbgkl5 ef]sef]s}, )%( j}zfv @$ df eLif0f cfqmd0fdf pxf“
uf]nLåf/f 3fOt] x'g'eof] . b'Zdgsf] alnof] kmf]l6{lkms];g, PDa';, dfOlgªx?sf]
cj:6«\ofsn lrb}{ hgd'lQm ;]gf 7"nf] d"No r'sfp“b} ;kmntfdf k'Ug ;kmn
eof] . sDkgL sdf08/ s= /f]zgsf] IftljIft z/L/ clGtd ;f; /x“bf;Dd klg cfkm\gf
;xof]4fx?nfO{ cufl8 a9\g lgb]{z ub}{ x'g'x'GYof] . s]xL If0fkl5 g} pxf“sf] z/L/n]
clj/fd ofqfaf6 cf/fd lnof] . ef}lts ?kdf ;du| hgd'lQm ;]gfsf nfvf}+ g]kfnL
hgtfsf xf]gxf/ d'lQmsfdL of]4f ;bf k|]/0ffsf ;|f]t eP/ ufdsf] kfvfdf zxLb
x'g'eof] .
s= hdfg k'gsf] gfd ln+bf b'Zdgsf] ;ftf] p8\Yof] . Gofok|]dL
qmflGtsf/L hg;d'bfo dfem /f]Nkfsf] ljs6 ufp“j:tLdf hGd lnP/ Pp6f u/Lj kl/jf/df
;w}+el/ hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu ;+3if{ ub}{ hLjgsf z'?sf lbgx? latfp“b}, jf:tljs
hLjgsf] k|flKtsf nflu o'4sf] t'kmfgL dxf;d/df ju{j}/Lx?sf ;ftf] ln+b}
;j{xf/fsf] ;Qf k|flKtsf] lbzfdf pxf“sf] of]ubfg pbfx/0fLo /x]sf] 5 . af“r]/
d/]sf hLjg lhpg]x?sf cufl8 pxf“n] ;w}+ g]kfnL cfsfzdf rlDsnf] /ftf] tf/fsf]
k|sfzk'~h ag]/ ;a}sf] u'? aGg' ePsf] 5 . cfh pxf“sf] ef}lts z/L/ xfd|f ;fd' 5}g
t/ klg pxf“sf] dxfg\ sfo{x? cfd hgd'lQm ;]gf, kf6L{ / hg;d'bfon] l;Sg}kg]{ Pp6f
P]ltxfl;s JolQmTj ag]/ hfg'ePsf] 5 . s]Gb|Lo ;Qf k|flKtsf] ;lGgs6sf] of] 38Ldf
pxf“sf] cg'kl:ylt cem v6\lsPsf] 5 . jL/ cd/ zxLb s= hdfg k'g >4fsf kfqnfO{
zAb >4f;'dg †
ha sndsf] xTof ul/G5, k|hftGqsf] gfddf
– kf08j yfkf
æaGb sf]7f leq lj/fnf]nfO{ y'g]/ dfg{ vf]lhof] eg]
pN6} pQm lj/fnf]n] dfG5]sf] 3f“6Ldf emD6G5 .Æ of] g]kfnL ;dfhdf clt k|rlnt
sxfjt xf] . o;nfO{ ;+:s[tdf æclt ;j{q jh{ot\Æ klg elgG5 . ha ;dfhdf ju{ /xG5 ta
x/]s s'/f juL{o x'G5 – of] dfS;{jfbL dfGotf xf] . ;Totf g} olx xf] ls cfh
b]z–b'lgofsf] ;dfh / ;Qfn] To;s'/fsf] k'li6 ul//x]sf] 5 .
cfh ;dfhsf O;fO{, d';fO{, lxGb', jf}l4i6, ox'bL, h}g,
l;v cflb ljleGg wd{le?x?sf] cGt/åGb xf]; jf sfnf, uf]/f, kx]+nf, hfltsf ;d'bfo
x'g cyjf, r]K6], g]K6], k'G6], nDa' cflb sbsf dfgj ;d'bfo xf];\ ;a} cf–cfkm\gf
:jfy{sf s'/fdf dfq slyt k|hftGq, nf]stGq cflbsf] gfdsf] eljio b]V5g\ .
;Qfwf/Lx?sf] bdg, pTkL8g, cGofo, cTofrf/sf] d'vf}6f] Rofltlbg] >dhLjL ju{sf
pTkL8t ;d'bfonfO{ ;b}j hf“tf]d'lg lkl; /fv]/ pgLx?nfO{ ;“w}e/L bf; agfpg' g}
pgLx?sf] k|hftGq x'g] /] . cGoyf pgLx?sf] lj/f]w dfq ug'{ klg cft+sjfb x'g] /]
.
k|lts[ofjfbL ;Qfwf/Lx?n] dfG5]sf] df;' n'5\bf k|hftGq
x'g] / df;' vfPsf] b]v]/ csf]{n] df;' vfof] eGg' klg cft+sjfb x'g] . oltdfq
egf}+ pgLx?sf] k|hftGq / cft+sjfbsf] kl/efiffsf] pbfx/0f .
;Qf g} juL{o ePkl5 ;Qfdf a:g]x?sf] u'bL g} juL{o e}
lbG5 . clg t p;sf ;Dk"0f{ 1fg]Gb|Lo / sd]{Gb|Lox? ;a} juL{o e}lbG5g\ . To;
kl5 t Tof] ;Qfwf/Lsf] kIfdf af]Ng] hlt k|hftGqjfbL / lj/f]w ug]{ hlt ;a}
cft+sjfbL . p;sf] ;dy{gdf n]Vg] hlt ;a} k|hftGqjfbL, lj/f]wdf n]Vg] hlt ;a}
cft+sjfbL .
k|lts[ofjfbLx?n] ;Qf rnfpg ;+ljwfg, lgod, sfg"g
cflb agfp“5g\ . cflv/ of] s:sf lglDt < hf] ;dfhdf ;Qf eGbf aflx/ /x]sf]
lgwf]{ 5 To;}sf lglDt t xf] lg . ;Qfdf /x]sfn] h] u/] klg x'g] / ;Qf aflx/sf]
lgwf]{ ju{n] Jolylt, ljs[lt / cfkm\g} cf“vf cufl8 cfkm\g} bfh' efOsf] df;'
n'5]sf] b]Vbf lj/f]wdf d'v dfq vf]Nof] eg] k|hftGq lj/f]wL 3f]/ cft+sjfbL 7xl/g]
. ;b}j pgLx?sf] bf; jlg/xg' kg]{ clg dfq g/lkrf;x?sf] k|hftGq km"ln/xg],
kmln/xg] .
zlbof}+b]lvsf] pTkL8gaf6 d'Qm x'g pTkLl8t ju{n] ha
;r]ttfk"j{s ljb|f]xsf] /f“sf] afNof] tab]lv ;Qfdf /x]sf / To;sf]
u'lnof]sf] j/Lk/L em'lDdPsf lem+ufx?sf] n"6sf] :ju{df e"O{+rfnf] uof]
. To;kl5 pgLx?n] hyfefjL 6f]Sb} lx+8\g yfn] ax'nfxf s's'/ em}+ eP/ .
;Qfwf/L s's'/x?n] 6f]Sb} hfg] qmddf ufp“sf lgxTyf
ls;fg, dlxnf, ljBfyL{, jfn–jflnsf, a'9f–a'9L, nf6f, alx/f, ckfË, hlt ;a}nfO{
cft+sjfbL b]Vg k'Uof] eg] zx/sf j'l4hLjL, n]vs, kqsf/, jlsn, k|f]km];/,
Jofkf/L, lzIfs, sd{rf/L, ;flxTosf/ ;a}nfO{ lzsf/ ul//Xof] hf] cfkm\gf lj/f]wL
lyP .
juL{o ;dfhdf ;lxTo, snf, ;+:s[lt, l/lt–lylt cflb ;j}
juL{o x'G5 . cflv/ t ;flxTo eg]sf] ;dfhsf] P]gf g} xf] Sof/] . P]gfdf af“b/n]
x]¥of] eg] cfkm\g} cg'xf/ b]V5, ;'Gb/ dflg;n] x]¥of] eg] cfkm\g} ;'Gb/ cg'xf/
b]V5 . ;'Gb/ / c;'Gb/ s] nfO{ eGg] t < eg]/ xfdLn] 5nkmn u¥of}+ eg] klg Tof]
klg juL{o x'G5 . k|lts[ofjfbL ;Qfwf/Lx?n] b]Vg] / >dhLjL ju{n] b]Vg]
;'Gb/tfdf t lbg / /ft s} km/s 5 . ha >dhLjL ju{n] ;'Gb/tfsf] kIf x]¥of] eg]
>d d} x]5{ . hxf“ nfvf}+ s/f]8f}+ / c/af}+ ;+Vofdf dfG5] cfkm\gf
;Dk"0f{ 1fg]Gb|Lo / sd]{Gb|Lox?nfO{ pTkfbgdf k|ToIf jf k/f]If ;xeflu
u/fPsf] x'G5 . Pp6f ;'Gb/ j:t'sf] lgdf{0f t dflg;sf] >d / kl;gfaf6} ag]sf]
x'G5 . ha ;'Gb/ j:t' dfG5]n] lgdf{0f u5{ t p;n] To; j:t'sf] pkef]u ug]{ clwsf/
klg cfkm}df ;'/lIft 7fGb5 . Tof] t p;sf] g};lu{s clwsf/ g} xf] . olx+g]/ ;Qfdf
a:g] k|ltlqmofjfbL ju{n] cg]sf}+ hfn, em]n, if8\oGqsf tfgfjfgf a'g]/ pQm j:t'
s]jn cfkm\gf] akf}tL 7fG5 / :jo+ pTkfbsaf6 vf];]/ lnG5 ta åGb rN5 . ctM
Tolta]nfsf] åGbdf j:t'sf] jf:tljs xsbf/n] xs bfjL u/]/ ljb|f]x af]Nb5 . of] g}
;dfhsf] jt{dfg oyfy{tf xf] . To;}n] ;dfhsf] lrq0f ubf{ oyfy{ lrq0f ug]{ / To;n]
bljPsf ju{nfO{ pHofnf] eljZo tkm{sf] dfu{ b]vfpg] ;flxTosf/, snfsf/, n]vs,
kqsf/ g} ;Tosf kIfkftL x'G5g\ . t/ ckmzf]r † cfh sndsf] vf]n cf]9]/ snds} xTof
ug]{ slyt ;flxTosf/, n]vs, kqsf/, g} ;Qfsf] cf“vfdf k|hftGqjfbL 7flgPsf 5g\ . To:tf
sndle?x? jf:tjdf ;Qfsf] x08L vfP/ jf:tljs sndhLjLx?sf] xTof ug]{ Ajf“;fx? x'g\
. To:tfn] b]Vg] ;'Gb/tf leq s]jn k};fsf] ¥ofn / l;+ufg dfq x'G5 .
k|To]If ?kdf ha b]zdf pTkLl8t ju{n] k|lts[ofjfbL
ju{sf] n'6sf] :ju{df wfjf af]Nof] tab]lv ;dfhdf h] eof] Tolx n]Vg] sndx?nfO{ g}
;Qfdf a;]sf Ajf“;fx?n] hyfeflj 6f]Sg yfn] . o4lk hgo'4 k"j{sf ;dodf klg
tfTsflng ;Qfwf/Lx?n] n]vs, slj, ;flxTosf/, kqsf/x?sf] xTof u/]/ sndsf] ljsf]{
nufpg gvf]h]sf] t sxf“ xf] / < rfx] Tof] /f0ffsfndf xf];\ jf k+rfotL sfn
cyjf slyt k|hftflGqs sfn xf];\ . xfdLn] /f0ffsfndf klg æds}sf] v]tLÆsf n]vs
s[i0fnfnsf] xTofb]lv k5fl8 y'k|} n]vs ;flxTosf/x?sf] xTof u/]sf] kfp“5f}+ .
k+rfotL sfndf klg t klqsfdf ;]G;/ nufpg], kqsf/nfO{ y'Gg], n]vs, ;flxTosf/x?sf]
k|ToIf ck|ToIf xTof u/fpg] u/]s} lyP .
ljz]iftM hgo'4sf] ;'?jft otfsf lbgx?df sndhLjLx?sf]
xTof ug]{ sfo{ lbg b'u'gf /ft rf}u'gfsf] b/df a9f]Q/L ePsf] 5 . ;f/ËL, dfbn /
af“;'/L lnP/ hgtfsf b'Mv kL8fsf syf Joyfx? ufp“b} / ;'gfp“b} hgtfnfO{ ;dfhsf]
P]gf b]vfpb} lx+8\g] snfsf/, hgtfsf d'lQmsf uLtx? n]Vg] ;flxTosf/, n]vs, tyf
;dfhdf ePsf pTkL8gsf ;dfrf/ n]Vg] xfd|f >dhLjL kqsf/x?nfO{ cft+sjfbLsf]
ljNnf le/fP/ k|hftGqsf 7]s]bf/ 7xl/Psf hgfj/x?af6 xTofsf >[+vnfx? al9 g} /x]
. oxf“ nfv/vf]nf, d]nu}/L t ;of}+ eP 7"nfb"n{'Ë / cg]sf]6 klg bh{gf}+
k'Ug yfn] . h]n leq} s'6L s'6L s'?k z/L/ agfO{ xTof u/]/, lu/km\tf/ g} u/]sf]
5}g eg]/ d[t nf;nfO{ ufoj kf/]/ 6fpsfsf] df]n tf]Sg] h:tf] clt 3[l0ft sfo{ klg
ePsf 5g\ . hgtfsf] cf“vfsf] gfgL / d'6'sf] w8\sg aGg k'u]sf hgslj Pj+ kqsf/
s[i0f ;]gsf] xTof u/]/ pxf“nfO{ lu/km\tf/ g} u/]sf] 5}g eGg' jf:tjdf
;Qfwf/Lx?sf lglDt pxf“sf] d[t z/L/ klg P6d ad ;fljt ePs} xf] .
cflv/ hgtfsf sndx?sf] xTof o;/L lsg x'G5 < o;sf]
Pp6} dfq sf/0f xf] ls hgtfsf tL sndx? g} k|lts[ofjfbL ju{sf d[To'306f x'g\,
lrxfg vGg] u}+tL / sf]bfnf x'g\, / pgLx?nfO{ ;bfsf lglDt v/fgL agfpg] clUgs'08
x'g\ . To;}n] k|lts[ofjfbLx?sf] e"m7sf] k"n eTsfOlbg] 8fOgfdfO6
ePsfn] hgtfsf sndaf6 sfo/x? clt cft+sLt x'G5g\ . ha xfd|f sndaf6 pgLx? cft+sLt
x'G5g\ t pgLx?n] To;nfO{ cft+sjfb b]Vg' :jfefljs g} xf] .
k|lts[ofjfbLx? snd;+u
n8\g aGb's lnP/ cfp“b5g\ eg] ca >dhLjL ju{sf snd ;dfpg] xftx?n] klg Ps xftdf
snd / csf]{ xftdf aGb's ks8\g h?/L x'g] /x]5 . …l66 km/ 6\of6Ú t ug}{ k¥of] lg
. kmnfd sf6\g] t cflv/ kmfdn] g} xf] Sof/] . xfdLn] cg]sf]6,
7"nfb"n'{Ë, xf/h+u, nfv/vf]nf, sflnsf]6 cflb 7fp“sf snfsf/x?sf]
xTofsf 36\gfaf6 lng'kg]{ lzIff klg s] xf] eg] b'Zdgsf] aGb'ssf] df]rf{;+u n8\g
s]jn dfbn, ;f/ËL, uLtf/n] k'Ub}g hgsnfsf/x?n] cfkm\gf ;+uLtsf ;fwgx?;+u} csf]{
xftdf d]l;gug af]s]/ ;}Go kmd]{zgdf 86\g' h?/L 5 . n]vs, kqsf/x?n] klg Jof6n
lkmN8jf6} kqsfl/tf ug'{ h?/L 5 . ca /fhwfgL / zx/x?af6 k|lts[ofjfbLx?sf]
e08fkmf]/sf] ;kgf gb]v] x'G5 . cem} klg zx/ / b'Zdgsf] sfvdf a;]/ ;flxTo
>[hgf b]Vg]x? / kqsf/Ltf b]Vg]x? jf:tjdf k|lts[ofjfbL ju{sf] x08Ldf af“Rg]
bf;x? dfq x'g\ . To:tfn] n]Vg] ;flxTo / ;dfrf/ s]jn dflns elQm afx]s s]xL
x'“b}g . cflv/ ePsf] klg sxf“ 5 / < yf]/} klg lgikIf x'“ eGg]x? klg of]
g/eIfL ;Qfsf lzsf/ ePs} t 5g\ . hg;f+:s[lts ;+3sf slj snfsf/ dfq sxf“ xf] /
O;f;, /lQmd jf cGo ;+3 ;+:yf;+u cfj4 slj ;flxTosf/ klg ;Qfsf lzsf/ ePs} 5g\ ..
hgfb]z, hgcfJxfg, hglbzfsf kqsf/ dfq geP/ a]nf jvtdf sflGtk'/sf ;d]t ;Qfsf]
8f08faf6 s'l6G5g\ . pgLx? t cfk"mnfO{ :jtGq g} eGg ?rfp“5g\ . cem jt{dfg
;Qfsf k'hf/L g} xf}+ eG5g\ . t/ yf]/} klg ;Qfsf] d}nf] sf]6\ofPs} e/df uf]?
r'6fO{df kg'{ k/]s} t 5 .
o;k|sf/ ha k|hftGqsf]
gfddf hgtfsf sndx?sf] xTof ul/G5 eg] To;sf] ljsNk vf]Hg' clgjfo{ x'G5 . olta]nf
b]zdf b'O{ ;Qf a/fa/sf] l:yltdf peLPsf 5g\ . To;df klg k|lts[ofjfbL ;Qf tkm{
hgtfsf] df]x e+u e} ;s]sf] 5 / hgtfn] cfkm\gf] ;Qfsf] cfkm} cEof; ul//x]sf 5g\
. k|lts[ofjfbL ;Qfsf] j/Lk/L t ca s]jn lem+ufx? dfq 5g\ . jt{dfg d[t ;Qf /
;+ljwfgaf6 cem} klg hgtfsf] eljio b]Vg]x? t s]jn u'Xo ls/fx? dfq x'g\ . rfx] lt
ls/fx?nfO{ sDo'lgi6sf] gfd b]pmg jf k|hftGqjfbLsf] .
ca b'O{ cnu ju{sf
sndx?sf] w|'ljs/0f x'g h?/L 5 . cfh k|lts[ofjfbL ;Qfn] sf]7f leq y'g]/ lj/fnf] dfg]{
s'r]i6f ul//x]sf] 5 . p;n] sndsf] xTof u/]/ :jtGq cfsfzdf bfO{+ v]Ng] ;kgf
b]v]sf] 5 . of] j]nf sndx? aGb'sdf ?kfGt/Lt x'g h?/L 5 . b'Zdg :jo+dn] xfd|f
sndx?nfO{ aGb'ssf] lsQfdf ws]ln lbPsf] 5 . ctM ha sndsf] xTof k|hftGqsf] gfddf
ul/G5 eg] Tof] xTof/f] k|hftGqsf] h/f] pv]Ng c? sndx?n] h/f] pv]Ng] ljlwsf]
cGj]z0fdf nfUg' h?/L 5 . of] g} cfhsf] ;dosf] dfu xf] .
@)^) efb| @%
hgljb|f]xnfO{ ;fd|fHojfbLx?n]
/f]Sg ;Sg] 5}gg\
uf]kfn g]kfnL
ut xKtf ef/tsf] gof“ lbNnL / g]kfnsf] sf7df8f}+df cfof]lht
;fj{hlgs sfo{qmdx?df cd]l/sL ;xfos ljb]z dGqL lqml:6gf /f]Ssf / g]kfnsf nflu
cd]l/sL /fhb"t dfOsn O=d]lngf]:sLn] g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ nfO{ …cft+ssf/LÚ Pj+
lgb{oL ;q'sf ?kdf lrq0f ub{} dfcf]jfbL g]tf 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{nfO{ gfhL
uf]ojN;;“u t'ngf ug{ k'u]sf 5g\ . oL b'j}n] g]kfndf …;'/Iff sfod ug{]Ú gfddf
cd]l/sL ;+nUgtfsf] ;d]t v'n]cfd jsfnt u/]sf 5g\ . cd]l/sfsf] of] egfOn]
g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s dfdnfdfly gf¨f] x:tIf]k dfq} ePsf] 5}g b]zsf] :jtGq cl:tTj
;d]t vt/fdf k/]sf] :ki6 ;+s]t u/]sf] 5 . ljutb]lv g} …ul/aL lgjf/0fÚ / …ljsf;Ú
sf] gfddf g]kfnL hgtfsf] efUodfly v]Nb} cfPsf] cd]l/sf ca v'n]cfd g]kfnL
hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d clwsf/ Pj+ :jtGqtfdfly cfqmd0fdf plqPsf] 5 .
;+;f/e/ cft+s km}nfp“b} s/f]8f}+ hgtfsf] g[z+; xTof ul/;s]sf]
cd]l/sfn] dfcf]jfbL h:tf /fli6«otf, hgtGq / hghLljsfsf] Uof/]06Lsf] nflu
nl8/x]sf qmflGtsf/Lx?nfO{ …cft+ssf/LÚ sf] laNnf le/fpg'n] pm cfkm} gf+luPsf] 5
. gfhL uf]ojN;nfO{ ;d]t w]/} k5fl8 kf/]/ em'7 / ckmjfxsf] v'n]cfd k|rf/ ub{}
cfPsf] cd]l/sfn] dfcf]jfbL qmflGtsf/L g]tfx?k|lt …uf]ojN;Ú sf] cf/f]k nufpg'
eg]sf] …hf] rf]/ p;sf] 7"nf] :j/Ú eg]h:t} xf] . b'lgof“nfO{ yfxf ePsf]
s'/f xf] ls cd]l/sfn] cfh cfkm"nfO{ ljZjsf Gofok|]dL hgtfsf] Ps gDa/sf]
;q'sf ?kdf v8f u/fPsf] 5 . ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] cft+ssf/L cd]l/sf g} xf]
eGg] w]/}nfO{ yfxf 5 . cd]l/sL cfqmd0f / g/;+xf/df k/L ljZjsf s/f]8f}+ hgtfn]
Hofg u'dfPsf 5g\ . nfvf}+ afnaflnsf / ;'Ts]/Lx?sf] xTof ul/Psf] 5 . c:ktfn,
lzIf0f ;+:yf, cfjf; / ;fj{hlgs :ynx? ;d]t adjf8L u/L Wj:t kfl/Psf] 5 . w]/} k/
hfg'kb{}g ;g\ @))# df cd]l/sfn] O/fsn] cf0fljs xltof/ /fv]sf] eGg] em'¶f k|rf/
u/]/ z'? u/]sf] cfqmd0fsf] qmddf bzf}+ xhf/ O/fsL hgtfsf] xTof u/]sf] 5 . o;
cl3 ;g\ @))! df o;}u/L ckmuflg:tfgdfly cd]l/sfn] cfqmd0f u/L aL;f}+ xhf/
hgtfsf] xTof u/]sf] lyof] . olt dfq} xf]Og ;g\ !($% cu:t ^ b]lv ( ;Dd hfkfgsf]
lx/f]l;df / gfuf;fsLdf cd]l/sfn] k/df0f' jd v;fnL nfvf}+ hgtfsf] g/;+xf/ u/]sf]
36gf clxn] klg ljZje/sf hg;d'bfosf] :d[ltdf tfh} 5 . cd]l/sfn] u/]sf] ;}lgs
cfqmd0f / g/;+xf/sf sf/0f rLg, lkmlnlkG;, sf]l/of, leotgfd, s+uf], O08f]g]lzof,
ckmuflg:tfg, kgfdf, Kofn]:6fOg, ;'8fg, ;lj{of, jf]l:gof, lrnL, sDk'lrof,
lgsf/fu'jf, k]?, d]lS;sf] nufotsf ljZjsf ;of}+ d'n'ssf s/f]8f}+ hgtfn] Hofg
u'dfO;s]sf 5g\ . rfx] ;g\ !(%) b]lv %# ;Dddf sf]l/ofdf @* nfv hgtfsf] g/;+xf/
u/]sf] 36gf xf];\ rfx] ;g\ !(^) b]lv &% ;Dd leotgfddf $) nfv hgtfsf]
g/;+xf/ tyf ;g\ !(^( b]lv !(&% ;Dd sDk'lrofsf qmflGtsf/Lx?dfly ;}lgs
cfqmd0f u/L !) nfv hgtfsf] xTof u/]sf] 36gf xf];\ cd]l/sfn] u/]sf oL ck/fw
ljZjsf Gofok|]dL hgtfn] e'n]sf 5}gg\ . cem} e'n]sf 5}gg\ hgtfn] cd]l/sfåf/f
Ujf6]dfnf / lgsf/fu'jfdf xhf/f}+ hgtfsf] g/;+xf/ ul/Psf] 36gf . kfgfdfsf zf;s
gf]l/PufnfO{ kqmfp ug{] gfddf ;g\ !(() df @) xhf/ kgfd]nL hgtfsf] xTof ug{ ;d]t
cd]l/sf kl5 k/]g . ljleGg b]zsf oL ;}lgs cfqmd0fx?df cd]l/sLx?åf/f nfvf}+ nfv
dlxnf anfTs[t eP, nfvf}+ :s'n] ljBfyL{ / lzz'x? dfl/P . cd]l/sfn] u/]sf
ck/fwx?sf] ;"rL w]/} nfdf] 5 . oL 36gfx?nfO{ x]bf{ klg ljZjsf y'k|}
b]zx?df o'4åf/f cfºgf] ;fd|fHo sfod ul//x]sf] cd]l/sf g} zf]lift kLl8t hgtfsf]
Ps gDa/sf] b'Zdg / cft++ssf/L xf] eGg] k|dfl0ft u5{ .
Gofo, ;dfgtf / :jtGqtf k|flKtsf] lglDt g]kfnL hgtfn] ;+rfng
u/]sf] dxfg\ hgo'4sf] s'zntfk"j{s g]t[Tj ub{} cl3 a9]sf] dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ /
To;sf] g]t[Tj lj?4 cd]l/sf lsg v8f ePsf] 5 < g]kfndf s'g k|sf/sf] Joj:yf
/fVg] jf g/fVg] eGg] s'/f g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfGtl/s dfdnf xf] . dfcf]jfbLn] g]kfnL
hgtfnfO{ cfºgf] zf;gaf/] km};nf ug{] clwsf/ lbg'kg{] s'/f p7fPsf 5g\ .
dfcf]jfbLn] clxn] g t cd]l/sfsf] hh{ a';sf] ;Qf dfu]sf 5g\ g t cd]l/sfsf]
6fj/df xfg]sf 5g\, g t cd]l/sfsf] d'nfaf/L g} kmf“8]sf 5g\ . t/ g]kfndf ;fdGtL
k|ltlqmofjfbL ;Qfsf] cGTo u/L k"0f{ k|hftflGqs Joj:yf :yfkgf ug{] nIo;lxt
dfcf]jfbL qmflGtsf/Lx?n] cfGbf]ng ubf{ cd]l/sfsf] 6fpsf] lsg b'V5 t < o;sf]
hjfkm ;Lwf / :ki6 5 g]kfndf ;fdGtL k|ltlqmofjfbL Joj:yfsf] cGTo eP/ k"0f{
k|hftflGqs Joj:yf :yfkgf ePdf cd]l/sfsf] ;fd|fHojfbL :jfy{ k"/f x'g ;Sb}g
. g]kfndf cfºgf] s7k'tnL ;Qf sfod /fv]/ rLg / ef/tnfO{ ;d]t 3]g{ cfwf/ tof/
kfg{] cd]l/sL :jfy{ k'/fgf] ;Qf sfod /fv]/ dfq} k'/f x'g;S5 . To;}u/L g]kfnnfO{
;fd|fHojfbL ahf/sf] ?kdf sfod /fVg] / oxf“sf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwg Pj+ ;DklQ
sAhf ug{] bfp klg cd]l/sfn] /fv]sf] x'g;S5 . ljljw :jfy{x?s} sf/0f cd]l/sfsf]
lgb{]zgdf k'/fgf] ;Qfn] dfcf]jfbL;“usf] jftf{df /fhg}lts lgsf;sf] 9f]sf aGb ug{
k'u]sf] lyof] . dfcf]jfbL;“usf] jftf{ ef“8\g cfºgf] xft g/x]sf] eGb} ;kmfO lbg
vf]h] klg jftf{ ef“8\g cd]l/sfsf] xft /x]sf] s'/f b'lgofn] yfxf kfO;s]sf] 5 .
jftf{ ef“8\g p;sf] xft gePsf] eP zflGtjftf{ rln/x]sf] a]nf dfcf]jfbLnfO{
…cft+ssf/LÚ ;"rLdf /fVg', dfcf]jfbLnfO{ nlIft u/L ;/sf/;“u slyt …% jif{]
cft+sjfb lj/f]wL ;Demf}tfÚ ug{' / jftf{ rln/x]s} a]nf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ PSNofpg'k5{
egL v'nf efif0f ub{} lsg lx8\g' h?/L lyof] < ;+ljwfg;ef h:tf] a'h{'jf
k|hftGqleq} c6fpg] dfu /fv]/ dfcf]jfbL jftf{df cfp“bf olb cd]l/sf cfkm}n] eGg]
u/]h:tf] pm ljZjsf] …! g+= k|hftflGqsÚ d'n's x'“bf] xf] t p;n] dfcf]jfbLsf
dfuk|lt k"0f{ ;dy{g hgfpg'kb{Yof] . t/ p;s} Jojxf/n] cd]l/sf s'g}
k|hftflGqs d'n's gePsf] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s dfdnfdfly g} cf“r k'Ug] u/L cd]l/sfn] jsjs
ul//xg' h?/L 5}g . g]kfnL hgtf cfºgf] efUosf] km};nf cfkm} ug{ :jtGq 5g\ .
em08} @%) jif{b]lv g]kfnL hgtfdfly aa{/ cGofo, cTofrf/, bdg / zf]if0f yf]kb{}
cfPsf] ;fdGtL lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf] xftaf6 ;Qf vf];]/ cfºgf] ;Qfsf] dflns cfkm} aGg
hgtf cft'/ 5g\ . d'n'sdf dfcf]jfbL hgo'4 ;+rfng ePsf] cf7 jif{sf] cjlwd} b]zsf
cfwf eGbf a9L e"efux? d'Qm ub{} Toxf“ hgtf cfkm}n] ;Qf rnfO/x]sf 5g\ . ca
/fhwfgL;lxt s]xL zx/L Onfsfx? ;d]t l5§} d'Qm x'g]5g\ . 8]9 s/f]8 eGbf a9L
hgtfsf] ;dy{g / ;xeflutfdf cl3 al9/x]sf] dxfg\ hgo'4nfO{ …cft+ssf/LÚ b]Vg]
d'¶Le/ zf;sx?n] a]n}df 5ftLdf xft /fv]/ ;f]Rg' h?/L 5, ;dosf] ult;“u} ?kfGt/0f
eP/ cl3 a9\g] jf Oltxf;sf] /5\ofgdf k5fl/g] < hgtfsf] ljb|f]xsf] clwsf/nfO{
;+;f/sf s'g} klg k|ltlqmofjfbL / ;fd|fHojfbL zlQmx?n] /f]Sg ;Sg] 5}gg\ . dxfg\
hgtf ck/fh]o 5g\ .
;flxTo ;[hgf
ha sndsf] xTof ul/G5, k|hftGqsf] gfddf M kf08j
yfkf
æaGb sf]7f leq lj/fnf]nfO{ y'g]/ dfg{ vf]lhof] eg] pN6} pQm lj/fnf]n]
dfG5]sf] 3f"6Ldf emD6G5.Æ of] g]kfnL ;dfhdf clt k|rlnt sxfjt xf]. o;nfO{
;+:s[tdf æclt ;j{q jh{ot\Æ klg elgG5. ha ;dfhdf ju{ /xG5 ta x/]s s'/f juL{o
x'G5 – of] dfS;{jfbL dfGotf xf]. ;Totf g} olx xf] ls cfh b]z–b'lgofsf] ;dfh
/ ;Qfn] To;s'/fsf] k'li6 ul//x]sf] 5.
cfh ;dfhsf O;fO{, d';fO{, lxGb', jf}l4i6, ox'bL,
h}g, l;v cflb ljleGg wd{le?x?sf] cGt/åGb xf]; jf sfnf, uf]/f, kx]+nf, hfltsf ;d'bfo
x'g cyjf, r]K6], g]K6], k'G6], nDa' cflb sbsf dfgj ;d'bfo xf];\ ;a} cf–cfkm\gf
:jfy{sf s'/fdf dfq slyt k|hftGq, nf]stGq cflbsf] gfdsf] eljio b]V5g\. ;Qfwf/Lx?sf]
bdg, pTkL8g, cGofo, cTofrf/sf] d'vf}6f] Rofltlbg] >dhLjL ju{sf pTkL8t ;d'bfonfO{
;b}j hf"tf]d'lg lkl; /fv]/ pgLx?nfO{ ;"w}e/L bf; agfpg' g} pgLx?sf]
k|hftGq x'g] /]. cGoyf pgLx?sf] lj/f]w dfq ug'{ klg cft+sjfb x'g] /].
k|lts[ofjfbL ;Qfwf/Lx?n] dfG5]sf] df;' n'5\bf
k|hftGq x'g] / df;' vfPsf] b]v]/ csf]{n] df;' vfof] eGg' klg cft+sjfb x'g].
oltdfq egf}+ pgLx?sf] k|hftGq / cft+sjfbsf] kl/efiffsf] pbfx/0f.
;Qf g} juL{o ePkl5 ;Qfdf a:g]x?sf] u'bL g} juL{o e}
lbG5. clg t p;sf ;Dk"0f{ 1fg]Gb|Lo / sd]{Gb|Lox? ;a} juL{o e}lbG5g\. To;
kl5 t Tof] ;Qfwf/Lsf] kIfdf af]Ng] hlt k|hftGqjfbL / lj/f]w ug]{ hlt ;a}
cft+sjfbL. p;sf] ;dy{gdf n]Vg] hlt ;a} k|hftGqjfbL, lj/f]wdf n]Vg] hlt ;a}
cft+sjfbL.
k|lts[ofjfbLx?n] ;Qf rnfpg ;+ljwfg, lgod,
sfg"g cflb agfp"5g\. cflv/ of] s:sf lglDt < hf] ;dfhdf ;Qf eGbf
aflx/ /x]sf] lgwf]{ 5 To;}sf lglDt t xf] lg. ;Qfdf /x]sfn] h] u/] klg x'g] / ;Qf
aflx/sf] lgwf]{ ju{n] Jolylt, ljs[lt / cfkm\g} cf"vf cufl8 cfkm\g} bfh'
efOsf] df;' n'5]sf] b]Vbf lj/f]wdf d'v dfq vf]Nof] eg] k|hftGq lj/f]wL 3f]/
cft+sjfbL 7xl/g]. ;b}j pgLx?sf] bf; jlg/xg' kg]{ clg dfq g/lkrf;x?sf] k|hftGq
km"ln/xg], kmln/xg].
zlbof}+b]lvsf] pTkL8gaf6 d'Qm x'g pTkLl8t ju{n] ha
;r]ttfk"j{s ljb|f]xsf] /f"sf] afNof] tab]lv ;Qfdf /x]sf / To;sf]
u'lnof]sf] j/Lk/L em'lDdPsf lem+ufx?sf] n"6sf] :ju{df e"O{+rfnf] uof].
To;kl5 pgLx?n] hyfefjL 6f]Sb} lx+8\g yfn] ax'nfxf s's'/ em}+ eP/.
;Qfwf/L s's'/x?n] 6f]Sb} hfg] qmddf ufp"sf
lgxTyf ls;fg, dlxnf, ljBfyL{, jfn–jflnsf, a'9f–a'9L, nf6f, alx/f, ckfË, hlt
;a}nfO{ cft+sjfbL b]Vg k'Uof] eg] zx/sf j'l4hLjL, n]vs, kqsf/, jlsn, k|f]km];/,
Jofkf/L, lzIfs, sd{rf/L, ;flxTosf/ ;a}nfO{ lzsf/ ul//Xof] hf] cfkm\gf lj/f]wL
lyP.
juL{o ;dfhdf ;lxTo, snf, ;+:s[lt, l/lt–lylt cflb
;j} juL{o x'G5. cflv/ t ;flxTo eg]sf] ;dfhsf] P]gf g} xf] Sof/]. P]gfdf
af"b/n] x]¥of] eg] cfkm\g} cg'xf/ b]V5, ;'Gb/ dflg;n] x]¥of] eg] cfkm\g}
;'Gb/ cg'xf/ b]V5. ;'Gb/ / c;'Gb/ s] nfO{ eGg] t < eg]/ xfdLn] 5nkmn u¥of}+
eg] klg Tof] klg juL{o x'G5. k|lts[ofjfbL ;Qfwf/Lx?n] b]Vg] / >dhLjL ju{n]
b]Vg] ;'Gb/tfdf t lbg / /ft s} km/s 5. ha >dhLjL ju{n] ;'Gb/tfsf] kIf x]¥of]
eg] >d d} x]5{. hxf" nfvf}+ s/f]8f}+ / c/af}+ ;+Vofdf dfG5] cfkm\gf
;Dk"0f{ 1fg]Gb|Lo / sd]{Gb|Lox?nfO{ pTkfbgdf k|ToIf jf k/f]If ;xeflu u/fPsf]
x'G5. Pp6f ;'Gb/ j:t'sf] lgdf{0f t dflg;sf] >d / kl;gfaf6} ag]sf] x'G5. ha
;'Gb/ j:t' dfG5]n] lgdf{0f u5{ t p;n] To; j:t'sf] pkef]u ug]{ clwsf/ klg cfkm}df
;'/lIft 7fGb5. Tof] t p;sf] g};lu{s clwsf/ g} xf]. olx+g]/ ;Qfdf a:g]
k|ltlqmofjfbL ju{n] cg]sf}+ hfn, em]n, if8\oGqsf tfgfjfgf a'g]/ pQm j:t' s]jn
cfkm\gf] akf}tL 7fG5 / :jo+ pTkfbsaf6 vf];]/ lnG5 ta åGb rN5. ctM Tolta]nfsf]
åGbdf j:t'sf] jf:tljs xsbf/n] xs bfjL u/]/ ljb|f]x af]Nb5. of] g} ;dfhsf]
jt{dfg oyfy{tf xf]. To;}n] ;dfhsf] lrq0f ubf{ oyfy{ lrq0f ug]{ / To;n] bljPsf
ju{nfO{ pHofnf] eljZo tkm{sf] dfu{ b]vfpg] ;flxTosf/, snfsf/, n]vs, kqsf/ g} ;Tosf
kIfkftL x'G5g\. t/ ckmzf]r † cfh sndsf] vf]n cf]9]/ snds} xTof ug]{ slyt ;flxTosf/,
n]vs, kqsf/, g} ;Qfsf] cf"vfdf k|hftGqjfbL 7flgPsf 5g\. To:tf sndle?x?
jf:tjdf ;Qfsf] x08L vfP/ jf:tljs sndhLjLx?sf] xTof ug]{ Ajf";fx? x'g\.
To:tfn] b]Vg] ;'Gb/tf leq s]jn k};fsf] ¥ofn / l;+ufg dfq x'G5.
k|ToIf ?kdf ha b]zdf pTkLl8t ju{n] k|lts[ofjfbL
ju{sf] n'6sf] :ju{df wfjf af]Nof] tab]lv ;dfhdf h] eof] Tolx n]Vg] sndx?nfO{ g}
;Qfdf a;]sf Ajf";fx?n] hyfeflj 6f]Sg yfn]. o4lk hgo'4 k"j{sf ;dodf klg
tfTsflng ;Qfwf/Lx?n] n]vs, slj, ;flxTosf/, kqsf/x?sf] xTof u/]/ sndsf] ljsf]{
nufpg gvf]h]sf] t sxf" xf] / < rfx] Tof] /f0ffsfndf xf];\ jf k+rfotL sfn
cyjf slyt k|hftflGqs sfn xf];\. xfdLn] /f0ffsfndf klg æds}sf] v]tLÆsf n]vs
s[i0fnfnsf] xTofb]lv k5fl8 y'k|} n]vs ;flxTosf/x?sf] xTof u/]sf] kfp"5f}+.
k+rfotL sfndf klg t klqsfdf ;]G;/ nufpg], kqsf/nfO{ y'Gg], n]vs, ;flxTosf/x?sf]
k|ToIf ck|ToIf xTof u/fpg] u/]s} lyP.
ljz]iftM hgo'4sf] ;'?jft otfsf lbgx?df sndhLjLx?sf]
xTof ug]{ sfo{ lbg b'u'gf /ft rf}u'gfsf] b/df a9f]Q/L ePsf] 5. ;f/ËL, dfbn / af";'/L
lnP/ hgtfsf b'Mv kL8fsf syf Joyfx? ufp"b} / ;'gfp"b} hgtfnfO{ ;dfhsf]
P]gf b]vfpb} lx+8\g] snfsf/, hgtfsf d'lQmsf uLtx? n]Vg] ;flxTosf/, n]vs, tyf ;dfhdf
ePsf pTkL8gsf ;dfrf/ n]Vg] xfd|f >dhLjL kqsf/x?nfO{ cft+sjfbLsf] ljNnf le/fP/
k|hftGqsf 7]s]bf/ 7xl/Psf hgfj/x?af6 xTofsf >[+vnfx? al9 g} /x]. oxf"
nfv/vf]nf, d]nu}/L t ;of}+ eP 7"nfb"n{'Ë / cg]sf]6 klg bh{gf}+ k'Ug
yfn]. h]n leq} s'6L s'6L s'?k z/L/ agfO{ xTof u/]/, lu/km\tf/ g} u/]sf] 5}g eg]/
d[t nf;nfO{ ufoj kf/]/ 6fpsfsf] df]n tf]Sg] h:tf] clt 3[l0ft sfo{ klg ePsf 5g\.
hgtfsf] cf"vfsf] gfgL / d'6'sf] w8\sg aGg k'u]sf hgslj Pj+ kqsf/ s[i0f ;]gsf]
xTof u/]/ pxf"nfO{ lu/km\tf/ g} u/]sf] 5}g eGg' jf:tjdf ;Qfwf/Lx?sf lglDt
pxf"sf] d[t z/L/ klg P6d ad ;fljt ePs} xf].
cflv/ hgtfsf sndx?sf] xTof o;/L lsg x'G5 < o;sf]
Pp6} dfq sf/0f xf] ls hgtfsf tL sndx? g} k|lts[ofjfbL ju{sf d[To'306f x'g\,
lrxfg vGg] u}+tL / sf]bfnf x'g\, / pgLx?nfO{ ;bfsf lglDt v/fgL agfpg] clUgs'08
x'g\. To;}n] k|lts[ofjfbLx?sf] e"m7sf] k"n eTsfOlbg] 8fOgfdfO6 ePsfn]
hgtfsf sndaf6 sfo/x? clt cft+sLt x'G5g\. ha xfd|f sndaf6 pgLx? cft+sLt x'G5g\ t
pgLx?n] To;nfO{ cft+sjfb b]Vg' :jfefljs g} xf].
k|lts[ofjfbLx? snd;+u n8\g aGb's lnP/ cfp"b5g\
eg] ca >dhLjL ju{sf snd ;dfpg] xftx?n] klg Ps xftdf snd / csf]{ xftdf aGb's
ks8\g h?/L x'g] /x]5. …l66 km/ 6\of6Ú t ug}{ k¥of] lg. kmnfd sf6\g] t cflv/
kmfdn] g} xf] Sof/]. xfdLn] cg]sf]6, 7"nfb"n'{Ë, xf/h+u, nfv/vf]nf,
sflnsf]6 cflb 7fp"sf snfsf/x?sf] xTofsf 36\gfaf6 lng'kg]{ lzIff klg s] xf]
eg] b'Zdgsf] aGb'ssf] df]rf{;+u n8\g s]jn dfbn, ;f/ËL, uLtf/n] k'Ub}g hgsnfsf/x?n]
cfkm\gf ;+uLtsf ;fwgx?;+u} csf]{ xftdf d]l;gug af]s]/ ;}Go kmd]{zgdf 86\g' h?/L
5. n]vs, kqsf/x?n] klg Jof6n lkmN8jf6} kqsfl/tf ug'{ h?/L 5. ca /fhwfgL / zx/x?af6
k|lts[ofjfbLx?sf] e08fkmf]/sf] ;kgf gb]v] x'G5. cem} klg zx/ / b'Zdgsf] sfvdf
a;]/ ;flxTo >[hgf b]Vg]x? / kqsf/Ltf b]Vg]x? jf:tjdf k|lts[ofjfbL ju{sf]
x08Ldf af"Rg] bf;x? dfq x'g\. To:tfn] n]Vg] ;flxTo / ;dfrf/ s]jn dflns elQm
afx]s s]xL x'"b}g. cflv/ ePsf] klg sxf" 5 / < yf]/} klg lgikIf
x'" eGg]x? klg of] g/eIfL ;Qfsf lzsf/ ePs} t 5g\. hg;f+:s[lts ;+3sf slj
snfsf/ dfq sxf" xf] / O;f;, /lQmd jf cGo ;+3 ;+:yf;+u cfj4 slj ;flxTosf/
klg ;Qfsf lzsf/ ePs} 5g\. hgfb]z, hgcfJxfg, hglbzfsf kqsf/ dfq geP/ a]nf jvtdf
sflGtk'/sf ;d]t ;Qfsf] 8f08faf6 s'l6G5g\. pgLx? t cfk"mnfO{ :jtGq g} eGg
?rfp"5g\. cem jt{dfg ;Qfsf k'hf/L g} xf}+ eG5g\. t/ yf]/} klg ;Qfsf] d}nf]
sf]6\ofPs} e/df uf]? r'6fO{df kg'{ k/]s} t 5.
o;k|sf/ ha k|hftGqsf] gfddf hgtfsf sndx?sf] xTof ul/G5
eg] To;sf] ljsNk vf]Hg' clgjfo{ x'G5. olta]nf b]zdf b'O{ ;Qf a/fa/sf] l:yltdf
peLPsf 5g\. To;df klg k|lts[ofjfbL ;Qf tkm{ hgtfsf] df]x e+u e} ;s]sf] 5 / hgtfn]
cfkm\gf] ;Qfsf] cfkm} cEof; ul//x]sf 5g\. k|lts[ofjfbL ;Qfsf] j/Lk/L t ca s]jn
lem+ufx? dfq 5g\. jt{dfg d[t ;Qf / ;+ljwfgaf6 cem} klg hgtfsf] eljio b]Vg]x? t
s]jn u'Xo ls/fx? dfq x'g\. rfx] lt ls/fx?nfO{ sDo'lgi6sf] gfd b]pmg jf
k|hftGqjfbLsf].
ca b'O{ cnu ju{sf sndx?sf] w|'ljs/0f
x'g h?/L 5. cfh k|lts[ofjfbL ;Qfn] sf]7f leq y'g]/ lj/fnf] dfg]{ s'r]i6f ul//x]sf]
5. p;n] sndsf] xTof u/]/ :jtGq cfsfzdf bfO{+ v]Ng] ;kgf b]v]sf] 5. of] j]nf sndx?
aGb'sdf ?kfGt/Lt x'g h?/L 5. b'Zdg :jo+dn] xfd|f sndx?nfO{ aGb'ssf] lsQfdf ws]ln
lbPsf] 5. ctM ha sndsf] xTof k|hftGqsf] gfddf ul/G5 eg] Tof] xTof/f] k|hftGqsf]
h/f] pv]Ng c? sndx?n] h/f] pv]Ng] ljlwsf] cGj]z0fdf nfUg' h?/L 5. of] g} cfhsf]
;dosf] dfu xf].
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clttsf kfO{nf M df]lxt
æ;+:d/0f
n]Vg' eg]sf] cfkm};+u O{dfGbf/ x'g' xf] gq dgsf :jLsf/f]lQmx?sf] ;fIfL sf] <Æ
–
kfl/hft
qmflGtsf/L hLjgg} Pp6f :jR5 / ;'Gb/ hLjg xf]. of] cglulGt cg'ejx?n]
el/Psf] x'G5. xf] d cfh o:t} Pp6f qmflGtsf/L hLjgdf ;+uflnPsf] cg'e"ltx?nfO{
;+:d/0fsf] ?k lbb}5'. d}n] kfl/hftsf] sygnfO{ x]5'{, k9\5' clg pgsf] of] ;Totf /
O{dfGbfl/tfnfO{ ;Ddfg u5'{. olb o;f] gubf{;Dd dgsf :jLsf/f]lQmsf] ;f"IfL sf]
x'g ;S5 / <
cGofoL ;fdlGt zfifgnfO{ kN6fpg / ;d:t g]kfnLx?sf] rfxgfdf cfwfl/t
gof" g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ljb|f]x 5]8]sf] lbg sl/a ;f9] ;ft aif{ k'uL ;Sof].
of] cfGbf]ngsf] nfdf] ;dofjlwdf cglulGt cf"z', kl;gfsf] yf]kfx? aufO{of].
cglulGt b'Mv–kL8f, hl6ntfx?nfO{ kf/ u/Lof]. pln{/x]sf] /utsf] e]nx?nfO{ kf/ ul/of].
olt dfq xf]Og juL{o r]tgfn] n}; ;'Gb/ dfgj hfltsf] cufw dfof / ;Ddfg kfO{of].
o;/L of] nfdf] ofqfsf] qmd hfl/ g} 5. of] ofqfdf d ;+u y'k|} cljid/0fLo If0fsf]
;Demgf 5. hf] d]/f] lbdfudf lkmlNd l/n em}+ 3'ld/xG5. cfh d]/f] nfn ;}Go hLjgaf6
;f":s[lts df]rf{df ;?jf ePsf] ! aif{ eGbf al9 k'lu;s]5.-)%* c;f]h–)%(
kf}if_ d}n] sNkgf ub{y]+– ljutsf ltg} If0fx?sf]. s] z}Go hLjg em}+ ;f":s[lts
df]rf{df klg ;}lgs lgodx? x'G5g\ < s] ;}Go df]rf{df em}+ x/]s sfjf{xLdf
hf"bf Ps?ktfsf ;fy ;lx of]hgfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ul/G5 < hf] ;}Go hLjgdf cem
Jofks x'g] u5{. o:t} sNkgfx? dg leq v]ln/xGy].
d]/f] ;f":s[lts If]qsf] nfdf] ofqf ;+u} Ps lbg To:tf] cj;/ k|fKt eof].
h'g lbg ;f":s[lts of]4fx?sf] lglDt klg Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ sfjf{xLdf h'6\g'
kg]{. Tof] aGb'sn] ul/g] sfjf{xL lyPg. a? klZrd]nL 5f8f ;+:s[lt clg b]zL ;fdlGt
;+:s[ltsf] cGTosf] nflu lrxfg vGg'. o;sf] tof/Lsf] nflu sl/a % lbg ;Dd l;+uf]
k|lt/f]w ;f+:s[lts ;d"xsf of]4fx? v6\of}+. To;}a]nf xfdL 8fo/Lsf kfgfdf
sf]l/Psf ;'Gb/ cIf/x?nfO{ kN6fP/ x]¥of}+. clg jt{dfg cj:yfdf cfjZos kg]{ hgzAb
efjnfO{ rog u¥of}+ / l6s nufof}+. h'g pkxf/ nu]/ xfdL lhNnfsf ;f+:s[lts
snfsdL{x?nfO{ cWoog u/fpg cfjZos lyof]. lu6f/ lsaf]8{sf s8{ clg lgodx? sf]¥of}+.
h'gs'/f xfd|f gof" snfsdL{x?nfO{ cWoog u/fpg cfjZos lyof]. xfd|f tof/Lsf
lbgx? To;}u/L ljt]. xfdLn] ljz]if If]q el/ tLg 7fp"df k|lzIf0f lzlj/ rnfpg'
lyof]. k|lt/f]w ;d"xsf cWoIf s'ndfg afx]s tLg÷tLg hgfsf] u|'k ljefhg ul/of].
ToxL lyof] k|lzIfs 6f]nL.
Tof] tof/Lsf] clGtd lbg xfdL cfkm\gf emf]nfx?nfO{ tof/L cj:yfdf /fVof}+.
lx8\g' 6f9f lyof]. k|To]s 6f]nLn] Ps÷Ps lhNnfnfO{ l5rf]Nb} cufl8 a9\g' kg]{.
o;/L xtf/sf ;fy km]l/ lj|lkmªsf] nflu s]Gb|Lt eof}+. xfd|f] aLrdf cWoIf s'ndfg
lyP. æxfdLn] Pp6f P]ltxfl;s dxTjsf ;fy Pp6f of]hgf to u¥of}+. h'g of]hgfsf]
lhdd]jf/Lk"0f{ sfof{Gjogn] ;fdlGt 5f8f ;+:s[ltsf] cGTosf nflu
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] 5. xfdLn] xfd|f] ePsf] cfGtl/s zlQmnfO{ dha'b
gubf{ ;Dd g t j'h'{jf ju{sf snfsf/x?nfO{ k|efj kfg{ ;S5f}+, g t j'h{jf ju{nfO{ ;d]t
cGTo ug{ ;S5f}.Æ === d}n] ljutnfO{ kms]{/ x]/]+, h'g a]nf xfd|f] cufl8 xltof/n]
;';lHht nfn;}lgs sdf08/n] xfdLnfO{ k|lzlIft ul//x]sf x'Gy]. pgsf xftdf Pp6f snd
of 58L, csf]{ xftdf gS;f sf]l/Psf] ;]tf] sfuh -xfdL 6f]nfP/ Ps dgn] To;sf] cWoog
ul//x]sf xGYof}+. d}n] To;}a]nfsf] :d/0f u/]+ Tof] If0fdf_ k|lzIf0f lbgsf] nfuL
cfjZos j}rfl/s tof/L, ef}uf]lns hfgsf/L, b'Zdg b]lvsf] ;ts{tfsf] af/]df cWoIf s=
s'ndfgaf6 ;Nnfx / lgb]{zg ePkl5 xfdL cfkm\gf] ofqf lt/ nfUof}+.
:yfgLo kf6L{ sld6Lsf] tkm{af6 sfo{ ;kmntfsf ;fy km"n–dfnf clg /ftf]
l6sfn] ljbfO{ ul/of]. Psflt/ dg leq pT;fx / k|km'Nntf clg csf]{ tl/ efj'stf klg
-st} xfdL b'i6x?sf] v'gL k~hfdf klg t kg{ ;S5f}+_ clg o:tf] a]nfdf klg nfrf/ eP/
j}/L ;fd' gem'Sg] k|lta4tf Ps cfk;df hfx]/ u¥of}+. clg sfo{ ;kmntfsf] sfdgf klg.
ca t k"j{af6 pbfPsf] ;"o{sf] ls/0f l5lKkb}+ lyof]. t/ kf}if dlxgfsf]
pb\3f6g ;do eP/ xf]nf kf/Lnf] 3fdn] Gofgf]–Gofgf] dxz'; x'b} lyof]. s7f+lu|g]
df};ddf o;/L ;"o{sf] ls/0fn] u'g nufpb} lyof]. Tof] ljs6 kxf8L e"–efu,
aË–aË p8\g] w'nf]df a8f] si6sf ;fy ux"'–hx'"sf kftx? cfkm\gf]
k|f0f em'08\ofpg ljjz 5g\.
xfdL ;'Vvf df6f]df w'nf] p8fpb} cf]x|fnf] af6f] em¥of}+. xfd|f] l6ddf d
nufot s=x'/L, s= bz{g. xfdL cfkm\gf dgdf cg]s sNkgfsf t/+ux? k}bf ub}{ cfkm\gf
kfO{nfx?nfO{ cufl8 a9fof}+. s= s'ndfgsf] ;Nnfx / lgb]{zg clg ;kmtfsf] sfdgf. ;f"lRr
xfdL w]/] ulDe/ lyof}+. ;fob Tof] d]/f] ;f":s[lts k|lzIf0fsf] nfuL h'6]sf]
klxnf] cg'e'lt lyof]. d cln al9g} ulDe/ lyP. xfd|f] ;+u7g clg lhNnfsf snfsdL{n]
xfdLaf6 hlt w]/} cfzf / ck]Iff u5{g s] d}n] Tof] k"/f ug{ ;s'"nf <
Tof] ljifo d]/f] lglDt ledsfo kxf8 em}+ r'gf}ltk"0f{ lyof]. /, klg zfx;n]
5flt rf}8f agfpg] s'/fdf d ;w}+ tof/ /x]+. xfd|f] k|lzIfs 6f]nLn] klg af6f]df
nfdf] 5nkmn ub}{ u¥of]. xfdLn] s] ljifodf pgLx?nfO{ al9 k|lzlIft ug]{ < xfdL
qmflGtsf/L ;+uLt snfsdL{ xf}+. pgLx?nfO{ ;+uLt snfdf cfjZos kg]{ ;a} s'/f l;sfpg]
5f}+. h;n] ubf{ >dlhjL ju{nfO{ dfof, k|]d, efj'stfdf cNemfpg] a'h'{jf snfsf
lj?4 s]xL ug{ ;s'g. clg xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 …k|ltef eGbf 7"nf] s'/f rl/q xf].Ú
o;/L xfdLn] qmflGtsf/L snfsdL{x?nfO{ j}rfl/s xltof/ k|bfg ug]{5f}+. unt k|j[ltsf
lj?4 ;w}+ ;+3if{ ug{ clg PSsfO{;f}+ ztfAbLsf] k|ltqmflGt /f]Sg ;w}+ ;+3if{/t /xg
k|]l/t ug]{ 5f}+. olx xfd|f] Ps csf{ aLrsf] 5nkmnn] ubf{ dnfO{ s]xL xNsf dx;';
eof]. d}n] ljutnfO{ slxNo} e'Ng ;s]g. d}n] ;'g]sf] lyP" cu|h ldqx?af6 xfdLn]
k|lzIf0f cjlwdf slt w]/} Wofg k'¥ofpg' k5{ < kf6L{;+u slt w]/} lgs6 ;DaGw
uf":g' k5{ < o; df]rf{ k|lt kf6L{sf] Wofgfsif{0f ug{ slt w]/} d]xgt ug'{
k5{ < lo ;a s'/fnfO{ d}n] To; of]hgfnfO{ ;kmn kfg{ k"jf{wf/sf] ljifo
agfpsf] lyP".
log} sNkgfdf kf}8L v]Nbf–v]Nb} slt rf"8} k"j{sf] kxf8sf]
km]bLdf k'lu ;s]5f}+. lr;f]–lr;f] l;/]6f] ;+u} Tof] cUnf] kxf8 r9\b} /Xof}+.
ltvf{n] d'v ;'s]sf] lyof]. gbLdf jlu/x]sf] kfgLsf] ofbn] slQklg 5f]8]g. xfdL;+u
Ps b'O{ j6f lj:s'6 / ds}sf] vfhf eGbf c? w]/} s]lx lyPg / klg kfgL km]nf kfg]{
cfzfdf s'lb/Xof}+. xfdL;+u ePsf s'l/o/ s=nfO{ k6s–k6s ;f]Wof}+.æs= ca t yf]/}
xf]nf x}g kfgL kfpg] af6f] <Æ æxh'/ ca Ps 306f dfq nfU5.Æ xfd|f v'§fsf
dfl; ;a ljnfO{ ;s]5g\. kfOnf cufl8 xf]O{g k5fl8 lt/ v':sGYof], t/ ;xf;sf ;fy
cufl8 a9\g] sf]lzif hf/L /Xof].
Tof] lbg el/sf] lx+8fO ha Tof] cUnf] 3gf h+unn] 5f]k]sf] kxf8df
k'Uof}+. cx" Toxf" cfsfzsf] lgnf] /+u eGbf c? s]xL b]Vg kfpg ufx|f]
lyof]. jl/k/L em'lDdPsf v;'{sf cUnf a'6\ofgx?n] af6f] 5]s]sf]. ;f"lRr
lg:;fl;+bf] lyof]– Tof] af6f]. ;'Gb/ lIflth b]Vg], ;'Gb/ jl:t b]Vg], dfgj
hfltsf] sf]nfxn ;'Gg] cft'/sf ;fy lgle{s ?kn] cufl8 al9/Xof}+. o;/L nfdf] ;do
kl5 dfq t';f/f] hd]sf] kfgLsf] ;fgf] s'nf] km]nf kf¥of}+. cd[t ;l/ kfgL dgsf]
lwt d?Gh]n lkof}+. olta]nf ;Dd ofqf z'? b]lv # lbg ljlt ;s]sf] lyof]. ca xfdL;+u
;Dks{df k'Ug b'O{ lbgdfq af"sL 5. xfd|f sd/]8x? ;fob olta]nf xfd|}
k|ltIffdf xf]nfg\, sfo{qmdsf] nfuL tof/L u/L/x]sf xf]nfg\. cGhfg sd/]8x? ;+u
lrghfg / ;xsfo{ ug{ cft'/ xf]nfg\. oxL sNkgf ub}{ l56f] kO{nf rfNb} /Xof}+.
xfdL lglZrt ;dodf ;Dks{ :yfgdf k'Ug ;s]gf}+. unt KjfO{G6sf] hfgsf/Ln]
ubf{ Ps lbg el/ To;} ofqf u¥of}+. ;fob ToxL l9nfO{n] ubf{ xf]nf xfdLnfO{
lemd|'s ;f":s[lts kl/jf/sf b'O{ hgf snfsf/ ldqx?n] Nofpg cfpb} x'g'x'GYof]
clg xfdL jf6}df e]6 eof}+. ;a} s/f ;f]lwof]. c3f{vf"rLaf6 tLg hgf sd/]8x?
dfq cfO{ k'u]sf], lemd|'s ;f+:s[lts kl/jf/ ;a} s]Gb|Lt ePsf]. xfdLn] ;f]r]sf
lyof}+, cfJxfg ;f+:s[lts kl/jf/ af6 klg ;a} cfpg'x'G5 eg]/. t/
Tof] ;Dej ePg. Tof] klg cfkm\g} afWotf x'"bf] xf]. ca gof" sd/]8x?
;+usf] e]63f6sf] nfuL dg leq w]/} cft'/ rNb} lyof]. xfdL;+u b'O{ gj lrgf? snfsdL{
ldqx? x'g'x'GYof]. pxf"x?;+usf] k"/f Ps lbgsf] ofqf klg /dfO{nf};+u ul/of].
xfd|f cf"vf cufl8 cgf}7f nfUbf nfdf–nfdf ufO{ uf]7 x? b]lvGy]. slt nfdf
x'bf /]5g\ ufO{ uf]7 klg < dn ;+sng klg yf]/ cj}1flgs em}+ nfUg], dnsf w'nf]
To;} xfjfn] p8fpb} lyof]. ;f]Q/sf] k|of]u gePsf] clg dn ;'s]/ To;} 8Nnf] k/]sf].
o;/L slt w]/} pAhgL x'g ;Snf < o:t} b[Zo b]lvGYof] af6} e/L.
ha kfO{nfx? gljl;O{ cufl8 al9/x]. clg To:t} Pp6f nfdf] uf]7 dfly
w'"jfsf] d':nf] pl8/x]sf] b[Zo b]lvof]. d}n] dg–dg] ;f]+r] oxL xf]nfg\
xfd|f ;a} sd/]8x?. ;f"lRr geGb} Tolx /}5 xfd|f] ;Dks{. ;a} snfsdL{ ldqx?
cfkm\g} Jo:ttfdf. sf]xL vfgf ksfpb}, sf]xL t/sf/L sf6\b}, sf]xL n]Vb}, sf]xL
k9\b} o:t} lyof] Toxf"sf] rnv]n. j8f] pT;'stf / v'zLofnL If0fdf xfd|f] e]6
eof] clg clejfbgsf d'7\7L dfly dfly p7] / bl/nf kl/rofTds xftx? ldn].
xfdLn] pb\3f6gsf] sfo{qmd u¥of}+. xfdLn] To;}a]nf ;a} ldqx/sf]
dgf]efj a'em\of}+ To;} cfwf/df sfo{qmdsf] ;do tflnsf klg agfof}+. xfdLn] cfrf/
;+lxtfsf s]xL s'/f lnlvt ?kn] nu]sf lyof}+. h;nfO{ ;a}n] Psdtn] cg'df]lbt ul/of].
To;} lbg b]lv k|ltj4tfsf d'7\7L p7fof}+ ca lzlj/sf] gfd s] /fVg] eGg] ljifodf
5nkmn ul/of] / jl/i7 k|ultlzn ;flxTosf/ s[i0f ;]g …O{R5'sÚsf] gfdaf6 /fVg]
lg0f{o u¥of}+. cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf] jsfnt ug]{ tfgfzfxLx?n] cfkm}n] agfPsf] lgod,
sfg'gnfO{ ldlr …O{R5'sÚ nfO{ kmfl; lbPsf lyP. snfsdL{x?sf] pT;fx efj, gof"
;+uLt snf k|flKtsf] nfuL k|lta4, To;n] cfkm\g} 7fp"df dxTj /fv]sf] lyof].
xfdL uDeL/ lyof}+. xfd|f sd/]8x?sf] cfjZostfnfO{ k"lt{ ug{ ljgf sl7gfO{ /
sGh';fO{sf ;fy pgLx?nfO{ k|lzlIft ug'{ k5{. o;/L pgLx?nfO{ hlxn] klg
j]km";{bL agfpgdf xfdLn] xfd|f sfo{qmdx?nfO{ a}1flgs / ;Vt agfpg' k5{
eGg]df xfdL uDeL/ lyof}+. ufog, afbg, g[Tosf] ;do lbgdf ldnfO{of]. cltl/Qm
lqmofsnfk elg ;f"em b'O{ 306fnfO{ 5'6\ofO{of]. h'g ;dodf snf, ;+uLt af/]df
;}4flGts k|lzIf0f, clego tflnd, l8=l;=Pd= s= lhth+u / clvn g]kfn dlxnf ;+3 -qmflGtsf/L_sL
s]=;=;= lnnf zdf{af6 /fhg}lts k|lzIf0fsf] ;do ldnfO{of]. o;};+u} k|ultlzn bf]xf]/L
uLt, kl/rofTds sfo{qmd. o;/L ljxfgsf] ^ ah] b]lv ;f"emsf] !! ah] ;Dd xfd|f]
l;Sg] / l;sfpg] ;do ldnfO{Psf] lyof].
xfd|f] pT;fxj4{s Tof] ;xsfo{n] sl/a bz lbgsf] nfdf] ;dofjlw df/ ul/;s]sf]
lyof]. ca t sfo{qmdsf] cGt lt/ sfo{qmdsf] ;dofjlwn] ljbf lng xtf/ ub}{ lyof].
sfo{qmdnfO{ ;xh / ;/n agfpgsf] nflu lg/Gt/ ;ldIff ub}{ cl3 a9\g' k5{, xfd|f]
ToxL cg'e'tLn] xfdL To;} u¥of}+. ;fob oxL k|s[of c+ufn]sf]n] snfsdL{nfO{ gof"
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