cfwf;+;f/
sdnf /f]sf
ljZj ;j{xf/fju{sf] ck/fh]o
l;4fGt dfn]dfjfbsf] dxfg\ lj1fgsf] g]kfnL wtL{df k|of]u / lg/Gt/tfsf] qmddf @!
cf}+ ztfAbLsf] gof“ ljrf/ k|r08kysf] hGd ePsf] 5 . k|r08ky x/ dfgj
hLjgnfO{ ?kfGt/0f ug{ l;kfn' gof“ ljlwsf] gfd xf] . k|r08ky eg]sf] nfvf}+
>lds hgtfsf] eljio lgdf{0f ug]{ uf}/jdo d'lQmsf] af6f] xf] . h'g
af6f]df nfvf}+nfv g]kfnL hg;d'bfox¿ Pskl5 csf]{ ?kdf ;dflxt aGb} cufl8 al9/x]sf
5g\ . g]kfnL hgo'4 cg]sf}+ cf/f]x–cj/f]xx¿ kf/ ub}{ eLif0f ju{;+3if{ Pjd\
cGt/;+3if{x¿sf] aLraf6 gjLgtd\ lj1fg k|r08kysf] ;+Zn]if0f x'g k'u]sf] 5 .
h;n] g]kfnL qmflGtsf] ljhosf] ;DefjgfnfO{ b[li6 lIflthdf b]vfO/x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnL hgo'4sf] ;kmntfn] g]kfnL hgtfsf] efjgf / rfxgfx¿ ;NanfO/x]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnL hgo'4sf kf“r jif{sf
dxfg\ pknlAwx¿nfO{ ;+Zn]if0f u/L k|r08kysf] ?kdf cfd hgtfdf ;fj{hlgs u/]kl5
zf;sx¿ cQflng k'u]sf 5g\ / pgLx¿sf] dxn sDkfodfg alg/x]sf] 5 . gof“
pynk'yn / t/+ux¿ k}bf ePsf] 5 . csf]{lt/ qmflGtsf/L kª\lQmx¿df gof“ pT;fx
Pjd\ yk lhDd]jf/L af]wn] gof“ p"rfOdf p7fO/x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o Pjd\
cGt/f{li6«o :t/df hgljb|f]xsf] gof“ t/+ux¿ k}bf eO/x]sf] a]nf xfdL l;¨f] juL{o
cfGbf]ngdf ;dflxt x'g]x¿sf] nflu gof“ yk sfo{ef/x¿ xfd|f] cufl8 v8f ePsf]
5 . g]kfnL hgo'4sf jfx\o Pjd\ cfGtl/s r'gf}ltx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ xfdL ;a}n]
k|r08kysf] dxfg\ ljrf/åf/f lgb]{lzt gof“ sfo{ef/x¿nfO{ k"/f ug{ gof“
;ª\sNk lnP/ cufl8 a9\g'kb{5 .
gof“ cfwf/df kf6L{ lgdf{0fnfO{ hf]8 lbg'M
ljZj ;j{xf/fju{sf] Ps
6's8Lsf] ?kdf /x]sf] uf}/jzfnL kf6L{ g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ dfq jf:tljs kf6L{ xf],
h;n] qmflGtsf] /ynfO{ lg/Gt/ cufl8 a9fpg] ub{5 . qmflGtsf/L kf6L{
lgdf{0fsf] s'/f ubf{ ;aeGbf dxTjk"0f{ kIf eg]sf] qmflGtsf/L ljrf/ tyf
qmflGtsf/L sfo{lbzf xf] . To;sf cfwf/df lgdf{0f ePsf] kf6L{ dfq jf:tljs
n8fs' kf6L{ aGg ;S5 . dfn]dfjfbsf] j}1flgs ljrf/åf/f lgb]{lzt qmflGtsf/L
kf6L{n] dfq @! cf}+ ztfAbLsf] qmflGtsf] df]8]n (Model) nfO{ :yflkt ug{
;S5 . dxfg\ ljrf/åf/f lgb]{lzt dxfg\ nIo af]s]sf] PsLs[t Pjd\ qmflGtsf/L
kf6L{ lgdf{0f ug]{ s'/fdf xfd|f] ljz]if Wofg hfg cfjZos 5 . kf6L{nfO{
ljk/Ltx¿sf] PsTjsf] ?kdf geP/ c3'ngzLn tTjsf] ld>0fsf] ?kdf a'em\g] cToGt}
h8tf klg 5 . kf6L{ lgdf{0fsf] ;jfndf s'/f ubf{ Pstf / ;+3if{sf] ljlw ckgfpg'
g} ;aeGbf pQd ljlw ePsf] jf:tljstfn] k'li6 ul//x]sf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o
sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;nfO{ vf]tNbf vf;u/L ?;df kf6L{nfO{ ax'njfbL Pjd\
PsnjfbL oGqsf] ?kdf a'em\g] / Jojxf/df hfg] s= :6flngsf] clte"tjfbL
lrGtgsf sf/0f ;dfhjfbL ?;n] k|ltqmflGtsf] tLtf] cg'e"lt ug{ k'Uof] .
g]kfnL qmflGtnfO{ g]t[Tj ug]{ kf6L{ lgdf{0f ubf{ xfdLn] ljZjsf gsf/fTds Pjd\
;sf/fTds lzIffx¿nfO{ /fd|/L lng'kb{5 . ljZj sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngdf g} cToGt}
vt/fsf] ?kdf b]lvPsf] PsnjfbL (Monolithic) ;f]r /fVg]
;ª\sL0f{ h8;"qjfbL xf]ShfjfbL k|j[lQ / To;sf gfp"df b]lvg] c/fhs tyf
ax'njfbL (Homogenous) lrGtg /fVg] blIf0fkGyL ;+zf]wgjfbL
v|'Zr]e, l66f], o'/f]–sDo'lgHd k|j[lQ oL b'j} qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ngdf unt Pjd\
xflgsf/s 5g\ .
kf6L{nfO{ ;ª\sL0f{tf Pjd\
c/fhstfaf6 arfP/ gof“ cj:yfsf] u'0ffTds kf6L{ lgdf{0f ug{ k|r08kyn] xfdLnfO{
lgb]{lzt ul//x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf kf6L{ :yfkgfkl5 ;xL ljrf/ Pjd\ sfo{lbzfsf]
cefjn] ubf{ kf6L{ ljleGg cj:yfdf 6'6km'6, u'6 / pku'6sf] lzsf/ ag]sf] 5 .
rf}yf] dxflwj]zgaf6 g]kfnL sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngdf vt/gfs k|j[lQ Pd=lj= k|j[lQ xfjL
eof] . h'g k|j[lQ jt{dfgdf cfP/ dfS;{jfbsf] s'/f u/]/ dfS;{jfbs} d'6'dfly
5'/L w:g] sfddf tNnLg 5 . qmflGtsf] s'/f u/]/ k|ltqmflGtsf] ;]jf ug]{
Pd=jL= k|j[lQ g]kfnL sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngdf 3f“8f]sf] ?kdf ljsl;t x'g k'u]sf]
5 . o:t} c/fhs k|j[lQ Pjd\ ;ª\sL0f{ xf]ShfjfbL k|j[lQsf lj?4df lg/Gt/ n8]/
kf6L{ g]t[Tjn] lglZrt qmflGtsf/L ljrf/wf/f Pjd\ sfo{lbzfsf] cfwf/df @)$* sf]
Pstf dxflwj]zgaf6 qmflGtsf/L kf6L{ lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ cufl8 a9fof], t];|f]
P]ltxfl;s lj:tfl/t a}7sn] cem kf6L{nfO{ ju{;ª\3if{sf] e§Ldf xf]d]/ :kfltnf]
agfpg] gLltsf cfwf/df kf6L{ gof“ p"rfOdf :yflkt aGb} cfO/x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnL hgo'4sf dxfg\ k|lqmofx¿ k"/f ub}{ hfg] qmddf ljleGg k|j[lQx¿ klg
phfu/ x'"b} cfO/x]sf 5g\ . k|r08kysf] dfOqmf]:sf]kn] cfnf]s k|j[lQ
h:tf] unt tTjnfO{ klg gf¨]emf/ kfg{ ;kmn ag]sf] 5 . t;y{ g]kfnL
;j{xf/fju{sf] s]Gb|Ls[t kf6L{ lgdf{0f ug{ /fhgLlt Pjd\ ljrf/df s]lGb|t eP/
Pstf–;+3if{–?kfGt/0fsf] dxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;f“:s[lts qmflGtsf] dd{nfO{ bx«f];"u
ks8]/ cufl8 a9\g' cfhsf] gof“ st{Jo Pjd\ sfo{ef/ aGg uPsf] 5 .
g]kfnL qmflGtsf] gof“ sfo{lbzfnfO{ a'em\g] / k|of]u ug'{M
qmflGtsf] sfo{lbzf eg]sf]
qmflGtnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] ljlw Pjd\ af6f] xf] . cfd"n kl/jt{gsf] lgldQ
;':ki6 sfo{lbzfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ;j{xf/fju{sf] clGtd nIo eg]sf] j}1flgs
;fDojfb xf] . xfdLn] gof“ hgjfbL qmflGtsf] af6f] eP/ ;dfhjfb Pjd\
;fDojfbsf] dxfg\ nIo k"/f ug]{ ;kgf af]s]sf 5f}+ . g]kfnsf]
zf]if0fo'Qm /fHo;QfnfO{ Wj+z u/L gof“ g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ljut ;ft jif{b]lv
cf/De ePsf] g]kfnL hgo'4 ;f}o{ / jL/tfsf] gof“–gof“ sLlt{dfgx¿ xfl;n ub}{ cfwf/Onfsf
;'b[9 Pjd\ lj:tf/ ub}{ s]Gb|Lo hg;/sf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ u'0ffTds r/0f;Dd k'lu/x]sf]
5 . ljutdf g]kfnL sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngsf] nfdf] lj/f;tnfO{ x]bf{ qmflGtsf/L
sfo{lbzfs} cefjn] ljleGg 3'DtL / df]8x¿ kf/ ub}{ uf]nrSs/jfbdf km:g k'u]sf]
Oltxf;n] atfp"5 . To;}n] qmflGt ;kGg ug{ qmflGtsf/L sfo{lbzfsf] 7f];
Pjd\ d"t{ x'g'kb{5 eGg] s'/f lglj{jfb 5 . æsfo{lbzf ;xL jf unt x'g'n]
;a} s'/fsf] km};nf ub{5Æ eGg] ljZjqmflGtsf gfos s= dfcf]sf] dxfg\ plQm g]kfnL
qmflGtsf] bf}/fgdf Jojxf/tM k'li6 eO/x]sf] 5 . ljut Pstf dxflwj]zgb]lv
g]kfnL sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngn] qmflGt ug{ ;':ki6 qmflGtsf/L sfo{lbzfsf] lgdf{0f
u¥of] / To;kl5sf lbgx¿df ljsf;n] qmldstfnfO{ e¨ u/L gof“ 5nf¨ xfGg
yfNof] . qmflGtsf/L g]t[Tj Pjd\ sfo{lbzf aLrdf slt åGåfTds ;DaGw
x'"bf]/x]5 eGg] s'/f xfdLn] /fd|/L cg'e"t ug{ ;S5f}+ lsgls g]t[Tjdf
cfPsf] knfogtf, lgl:qmotf, lj;h{g, JolQmjfb cflb ljleGg v/fa tTjn] 3/ u/]s}
sf/0fn] ubf{ g]kfnL sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ng $%÷$^ jif{ nfdf] ;+zf]wgjfb / cj;/jfbsf]
bnbndf km:g k'Uof] . hlta]nf ;Ifd Pjd\ b"/bzL{ g]t[Tj s= k|r08sf] g]kfnL
sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngdf pbo eof], Tolta]nfb]lv g} cfGbf]ngn] leGg} ult lng
yfNof] . elgG5, …g]t[Tj eg]sf] snf / lj1fgsf] ;dfof]hg xf] .Ú oxL snf
/ lj1fg cWoIf k|r08df k|r'/ dfqfdf 5 . h;sf] dfWodaf6 cWoIf k|r08 g]kfnL
qmflGtsf] rfns zlQmsf] ?kdf cfd pTkLl8t hg;d'bfox¿sf] aLrdf :yflkt aGb}
hfg'ePsf] 5 . cWoIf k|r08 :yflkt x'g' eg]sf] ;du| g]kfnL qmflGtsf]
dfu{bz{s dfn]dfjfb / k|r08ky Pjd\ qmflGtsf/L sfo{lbzf :yflkt x'g' xf] .
g]kfnL hgtf d'lQm rfxG5g\ . d'lQm kfpg ljutb]lv pTkLl8t hgtfn] ljb|f]xsf]
dzfn ;Nsfp"b} cfO/x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf zf;sx¿sf lj?4df ufp"b]lv
zx/;Dd ljb|f]xsf] Hjfnf afNg] g]kfnL hgtfn] sof}+ alnbfgsf] sf]6f r'Qmf
ul/;s]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL hgtfsf] ljb|f]xfTds rl/qnfO{ cWoog ub}{ uf}/jzfnL
kf6L{sf] bf];|f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngn] g]kfnL qmflGtsf] sfo{lbzfnfO{ gof“ df]8]n (Model) df kl/jt{g ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . g]kfnL qmflGtsf] gof“ df]8]n
eg]sf] ;z:q ljb|f]xsf] ?;L df]8]n / bL3{sfnLg hgo'4sf] lrlgof“ qmflGtsf]
df]8]nsf] ;dfof]hg xf] . g]kfnL qmflGtsf] gof“ df]8]n eg]sf] g} ljZj
sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngdf ;~rflnt ;j{xf/fjuL{o cfGbf]ngsf] lg/Gt/tf lbg' / To;nfO{
;kmntfdf k'¥ofpg' xf] . ljZj qmflGtsf] s8LnfO{ hf]8\g h;/L g]kfndf gof“
sfo{lbzf lgdf{0f ePsf] 5, o;nfO{ a'em\g' / Jojxf/df nfu" ug'{ cfhsf] csf]{
dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ef/ ylkg cfPsf] 5 . t;y{ dxfg\ ;ª\sNk af]s]/ cfwf/
OnfsfnfO{ ;'b[9 / lj:tf/ ub}{ s]Gb|Lo hg;/sf/ lgdf{0f ug{ ufp"b]lv zx/;Dd
ljb|f]xsf] Hjfnf ;Nsfp"b} cufl8 a9\g'k5{ .
hglbzfnfO{ cfTd;ft ug'{ / qmflGtnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'M
g]kfnL qmflGtnfO{ @! cf}+
ztfAbLsf] gof“ qmflGtsf] df]8]nsf] ?kdf :yflkt u/fpg Pjd\ ljhosf] gof“ ;+3f/df
k'¥ofpgsf] lglDt hglbzfnfO{ cfTd;ft ug'{kb{5 . hglbzf eg]sf] g} hgtfsf]
tl/sf xf] . To;}n] lrlgof“ qmflGtsfndf s= dfcf]n] cfd pTkLl8t hg;d'bfonfO{
qmflGtsf] cfwf/e"t zlQmsf] ?kdf ln+b} æhgtfnfO{ ljZjf; ug]{, hgtfsf] ;]jf
ug]{ / hgtfaf6 l;Sg]Æ dxTjk"0f{ gLltnfO{ :yflkt ug{ k'Ug'eof] . h'g
gLlt g} ljZjqmflGtsf] nflu hglbzfsf] ?kdf :yflkt x'"b} cfO/x]sf] 5 .
hgtf g} jf:tljs Oltxf;sf lgdf{tf x'g\ . hgtf;"u snf 5, hgtfnfO{ lj1fg
lbg] xf] eg] ljZjs} s'Voft tfgfzfxx¿nfO{ klg kN6fpg ;Sbf/x]5g\ eGg] jf:tljstf
!*&! sf] k]l/; sDo'g, !(!& sf] ;dfhjfbL qmflGt, !($( sf] lrlgof“
qmflGtnufotsf qmflGtx¿n] klg k'li6 ul/;s]sf 5g\ . hgtfaf6 lng] / k'gM
kl/dflh{t u/L hgtfnfO{ lbg] ljlw hglbzfsf] cToGt} pQd ljlw xf] . hgtfsf]
ch]o zlQmnfO{ cljZjf; ug]{ ;ª\sL0f{ h8;"qjfbsf lj?4df lg/Gt/ ;+3if{ ;~rfng
ug{ h?/L 5 . hglbzfsf] dd{ eg]sf] g} kf6L{, ;]gf, df]rf{ Pjd\ hgtfsf]
;DaGwnfO{ km/flsnf] kfb}{ cfd pTkLl8t hgtfnfO{ qmflGtsf] em08fd'lg uf]naGb
agfpg' xf] . hlt hglbzfsf] dd{nfO{ ks8\g ;S5f}+ TolQs} g]kfnL qmflGtnfO{
gof“ p"rfOdf p7fpg ;S5f}+ . t;y{ ljZj ;j{xf/fju{sf] d'lQmsf] s'/fnfO{
;Dem]/ klxnf] s'/f hglbzfsf] dd{nfO{ ks8\g' / bf];|f] s'/f g]kfnL qmflGtnfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbg' Oltxf;sf] cfjZostf Pjd\ ckl/xfo{tf eO/x]sf] 5 . kf6L{, ;]gf
/ df]rf{df ;j{xf/fju{sf] g]t[Tj ;'lglZrt ug]{ / cfd hg;d'bfonfO{ uf]naGb u/L
juL{o cfGbf]ngnfO{ u'0ffTdstf k|bfg ug'{ hglbzfsf] csf]{ dd{ xf] . t;y{
cfkm\gf] efUosf] km};nf cfkm} ug{ cfd g]kfnL hgtfn] k|r08kysf] j}1flgs cfwf/df
6]s]/ hgqmflGtsf] dfu{df lg/Gt/ kfOnf rfNg}kb{5 .
lgisif{M
qmflGtsf/L cj:yfdf j:t'l:yltsf] km]/jbn tLa|t/ ultdf cufl8 a9\g] ub{5 . ToxL j:t'l:yltsf] km]/jbn;u} qmflGtsf gfosx¿ km]l/Pgg\ eg] qmflGtnfO{ ;xL 9¨n] xf“Sg ;St}gg\ eGg] oyfy{tf Oltxf;n] k'li6 ul/;s]sf] 5 . t;y{ Oltxf;n] ;'lDklbPsf] dxfg\ qmflGtsf] sfo{ef/nfO{ k"/f ug{ dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfb–dfcf]jfb / k|r08kysf] j}1flgs ljrf/nfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ gof“ w/ftndf ?kfGt/0f x'g cfjZos 5 . o;/L Pstf–;+3if{ / ?kfGt/0fsf] lg/Gt/ k|lqmofaf6 dfq xfdLn] @! cf}+ ztfAbLsf] g]kfnL qmflGtsf] gof“ sfo{ef/nfO{ k"/f ug{ ;Sg]5f}+ .