ljrf/hut\
dxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;f“:s[lts
qmflGtsf] ;DaGwdf
*= sfdbf/x?sf]
k|Zg M
sfdbf/x? df]6fdf]6L ?kdf tnsf $ >]0fLdf
k5{g\ .
!= c;n @= t'ngfTds c;n #= uDeL/ uNtL u/]sf t/
kf6L{ lj/f]wL, ;dfhjfbL lj/f]wL, blIf0fkGyL ge};s]sf $= kf6L{ lj/f]wL / ;dfhjfb
lj/f]wL blIf0fkGyLx? . ;fwf/0f
kl/l:yltdf, klxnf] b'O{ >]0fLsf -c;n / t'ngfTds c;n_ a9L ;+Vofdf x'G5 .
kf6L{–lj/f]wL / ;dfhjfb lj/f]wL
blIf0fkGyLx?sf] k"0f{?kdf e08fkmf]/ ug{'k5{, v08g ug{'k5{, ldNsfOg'k5{ /
k"0f{ ?kdf e/ljZjf; 5f]8\g'k5{ / ltgLx?sf] k|efj pGd"ng ug{'k5{ .
To;sf] ;fy;fy} ltgLx?nfO{ ;'lw|g] df}sf klg lbg'k5{, h;af6 pgLx? gof“ lhGbuLsf]
z'?jft ug{ ;s"g\ .
(= ;f“:s[lts qmflGtsf/L ;d"x,
sld6Lx? / dxflwj]zgx?M
w]/} gof“ j:t'x? dxfg\ ;j{xf/fjfbL ;f“:s[lts
qmflGtdf b]vfkg{ yfn]sf 5g\ . w]/} ljBfnox? / OsfO{x?df hg;d"xn]
l;h{gf u/]sf ;f“:s[lts qmflGtsf/L ;d"x, sld6L / c? ;+u7gfTds :j?kx? s]xL
gf}nf / dxfg\ P]ltxfl;s dxTjsf 5g\ .
oL ;f“:s[lts qmflGtsf/L ;d"xx?,
sld6Lx? / dxflwj]zgx? ;+u7gsf pQd, gf}nf] :j?k x'g\, hxf“ hg;d"xx?n]
sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] g]t[Tjdf cfkm}nfO{ lzIff lbg]5g\ . ltgLx? xfd|f]
kf6L{nfO{ hg;d"x;“u k|ToIf ;Dks{ u/fpg] pQd ;fw' x'g\ . ltgLx? ;j{xf/fjfbL
;f“:s[lts qmflGtsf zlQmsf c+u x'g\ .
xhf/f}+ jif{b]lv zf]ifsju{n] 5f]8]/ uPsf ;a}
k'/fgf ljrf/x?, ;“:s[ltx?, l/ltl:ylt / Jojxf/x?sf lj?4 ;j{xf/fjfbL ;+3if{n]
Hofb} nfdf] ;do lng]5 . To;sf/0f ;f“:s[lts qmflGtsf/L ;d"x sld6Lx? /
dxflwj]zgx? c:yfoL ;+u7g xf]Og a? :yfoL hg;+u6g aGg'k5{ . ltgLx? s]jn
dxfljBfnox?, ljBfnox? / ;/sf/ Pj+ c? ;+u7gx?nfO{ dfq ;'xfp“bf xf]Og a? ;fwf/0ftof
sf/vfgfx?, vfgLx?, c? pBdx? zx/L lhNnf / ufp“x?nfO{ klg ;'xfp“bf 5g\ .
k]l/; sDo'gdf h:t}, ;f“:s[lts qmflGtsf/L ;d"xsf
;b:o, ;ldltsf ;b:o / k|ltlglw ;efsf ;b:osf] r'gfjsf nflu cfd lgjf{rgsf] Joj:yf
th{'df ug{' cfjZos 5 . pDd]bjf/x?sf] gfdfjnL k"0f{ 5nkmn kl5 qmflGtsf/L
hg;d"xaf6 cufl8 ;fl/g'k5{ / gfdfjnL pk/ hg;d"xn] bf]xf]¥ofO t]x¥ofO{
5nkmn u/]kl5 dfq lgjf{rg u/fOg'k5{ .
hg;d"xnfO{ ;f“:s[lts qmflGtsf/L ;d"x
/ sld6L Pj+ ;f“:s[lts qmflGtsf/L dxflwj]zgsf] nflu r'lgPsf k|ltlglwx?sf] s'g}
klg ;dodf cfnf]rgf ug{] clwsf/ 5 . olb oL ;ldltx? Pj+ k|ltlglwx? sfd ug{
pQd k|dfl0ft ePgg\ eg] ltgLx?sf] 7fp“df lgjf{rgåf/f gof“ k"lt{ ug{'k5{
jf 5nkmn u/L hg;d"xaf6 lkmtf{ af]nfpg' kb{5 .
dxfljBfno / ljBfnosf ;f“:s[lts qmflGtsf/L ;d"xx?
sld6Lx? / dxflwj]zgx?df d'Votof qmflGtsf/L ljBfyL{x?sf k|ltlglwx? /xg'k5{ .
To;sf ;fy;fy} ltgLx?;“u qmflGtsf/L lzIfs / k|zfsLo sd{rf/L Pj+ sfdbf/x?sf
k|ltlglwx?sf s]xL ;b:ox? klg x'g'k5{ .
!)= z}lIfs ;'wf/ M
dxfg\ ;j{xf/fjfbL ;f“:s[lts qmflGtdf ug{'kg{]
Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ sfd k'/fgf] z}lIfs Joj:yf, z}lIfs k4lt / cWofkg k|0ffnLnfO{
?kfGt/ ug{' xf] . o; dxfg\ ;f“:s[lts qmflGtdf a'h{'jf a'l4hLjLx?n] lylr/fv]sf
xfd|f ljBfnosf] ultljlwnfO{ k"0f{ kl/jt{g ug{'k5{ .
x/]s lsl;dsf ljBfnox?df sfd/]8 dfcf]T;]t'ªn]
cufl8 ;fg{' ePsf] lzIffsf cfwf/df ;j{xf/fjfbL /fhgLltsf] ;]jf ug{ / lzIffnfO{
pTkfbgd"ns sfddf uf“:g] gLltnfO{ k"0f{ nfu" ug{'k5{ h;af6 lzIff
kfpg]n] g}lts, af}l4s / zf/Ll/s ljsf; u/f];\ clg ;dfhjfbL r]tgf / ;“:s[lt ePsf]
>lds agf];\ .
ljBfno hfg] ;dofjlw 36fOg'k5{ . kf7\oqmd
5f]6f] / /fd|f] x'g'k5{ . kf7\o;fdu|L k"0f{ ?kfGt/0f ul/g'k5{ .
s'g} s'/fdf hl6n ;fdfu|LnfO{ ;/nLs/0f ug{ z'? ug{'k5{ . ljBfyL{x?sf] d'Vo
sfd cWoog ug{' xf] tfklg ljBfyL{x?n] c? s'/f klg l;Sg'k5{ . To;f] eGg'sf]
cy{ xf] cfºgf] cWoogsf cltl/Qm, ltgLx?n] cf}Bf]lus sfd, v]tLsf] sfd / ;}lgs sfo{
klg l;Sg'k5{ / a'h{'jfx?nfO{ cfnf]rgf ug{ ;f“:s[lts qmflGtsf] ;+3if{df
;+3if{sf a]nf efu lng'k5{ .
!!= ;dfrf/kqx?df gfd lnP/
cfnf]rgf ug{] k|Zg M
;f“:s[lts qmflGtsf/L hgcfGbf]ngsf] cleofgdf
k"“hLjfbL / ;fdGtjfbL ljrf/wf/fsf] cfnf]rgf ug{' / ;fy;fy} ;j{xf/f
ljZjb[li6sf]0f, dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfb Pj+ dfcf]T;]t'ª ljrf/wf/fsf] /fd|/L k|rf/
k|;f/ ug{'k5{ .
df}sf kfP/ kf6L{leq 3';]sf
k"“hLkltju{sf ljlzi6 k|ltlglwx? / lzIffsf] If]qdf sfd ug{]
k"“hLjfbL k|ltlqmofjfbLsf gfOs] ædxfkl08tx?Æ sf] cfnf]rgf ug{ ;+ul7t eP/
sfd ug{'k5{ . o;df bz{gzf:q, Oltxf;, /fhgLlts cy{zf:q, z}lIfs If]q, ;flxTo
/ snf;DaGwL /rgfx?, ;flxTo / snfsf l;4fGtx? k|s[lt lj1fgsf l;4fGtx? / c? If]qdf
ljBdfg ljleGg k|ltlqmofjfbL ljrf/wf/fx?sf] cfnf]rgf klg ;lDdlnt x'g'k5{ .
olb s;}sf] ;dfrf/kqdf gfd lnP/ cfnf]rgf ug{'
5 eg] klxn] g} To;} txsf] kf6L{ sld6Ldf 5nkmn u/]/ o;sf] lgrf]8 lgsfNg'k5{ / p:t}
kl/l:yltdf dflyNnf] kf6L{ sld6Ldf k7fP/ o;sf] d~h'/L lng'k5{ .
!@= j}1flgsx?, k|fljlwsx? /
sfof{nosf ;fwf/0f sd{rf/Lx?k|ltsf] gLltM
hxf“;Dd j}1flgsx?, k|fljlwsx? / sfof{nosf ;fwf/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] k|Zg 5, ltgLx?df b]zelQmsf] efjgf /xf];\ ;lqmotfk"j{s sfd u?g\,
kf6L{ / ;dfhjfbsf] lj/f]w gu?g\ / s'g} csf{] b]z;“u cg'lrt ;DaGw g/fv"g\,
xfdLn] pgLx?k|lt æPstf cfnf]rgf / PstfÆ sf] gLlt sfod /fVg'k5{ . cfºgf]
If]qdf vf; of]ubfg lbPsf j}1flgsx? / j}1flgs k|fljlws sd{rf/Lx?sf] ljz]if Wofg
/fVg'k5{ . xfdLx?n] pgLx?sf] ljZjb[li6sf]0f / sfo{z}nLnfO{ km]g{] sfddf
;3fpg] sf]lz; ug{'k5{ .
!#= zx/ / ufp“x?df o;
qmflGtnfO{ ;dfhjfbL lzIff cfGbf]ng;“u ldnfpg] Joj:yf ug{] k|Zg M
7"nf / dWod:t/sf zx/x?df ;f“:s[lts Pj+
z}lIfs OsfOx? / kf6L{ Pj+ ;/sf/sf g]t[TjbfoL c+ux? jt{dfg ;j{xf/fjfbL ;f“:s[lts
qmflGtsf Wofgfsif{0fsf ljGb'x? x'g\ .
dxfg\ ;f“:s[lts qmflGtn] zx/, ufp“ b'j}
7fp“df ;dfhjfbL lzIff cfGbf]ngnfO{, wgL agfPsf] 5 / o;nfO{ pRr:t/df psf;]sf] 5 .
of] b'j} cfGbf]ngx? ;“u;“u} ;~rfng ug{] k|of; ug{'k5{ .. o; ;DaGwdf
ljleGg If]q Pj+ ljefux?n] cfºgf] ljz]if kl/l:ylt x]/L aGbf]j:t ldnfpg ;Sg]5g\ .
clxn] ufp“df ;dfhjfbL lzIffsf] cfGbf]ng rln/x]sf]
5 / zx/sf pBdx?df -hxf“ klxn]sf] aGbf]j:t g} 7Ls 5 / cfGbf]ng 7Ls;“u rn]sf]
5_ cfGbf]ngnfO{ uf]ndfn ug{' x'“b}g / klxn]sf] aGbf]j:t cg';f/ sfd ul//fVg'k5{ .
h]xf];\ jt{dfg dxfg\ ;j{xf/fjfbL ;f“:s[lts qmflGtdf p7]sf k|Zgx?nfO{ 7Ls ;dodf
5nkmnsf] nflu hg;d"x aLrdf /flvg'k5{ . h;n] ;j{xf/fjfbL ljrf/sf] a9L
kfngkf]if0f / a'h{'jf ljrf/sf] pGd"ng ug{ hf]8 k'uf];\ .
s]xL 7fp“x?df dxfg\ ;j{xf/fjfbL ;f“:s[lts
qmflGtnfO{ ;dfhjfbL lzIff lbg' cfGbf]ngdf ult yKg' / /fhg}lts, j}rfl/s ;+u7g ug{'
cy{tGqsf] IF]qdf ePsf kmf]x/ d}nf ;kmf ug{' h:tf gfdsf nflu s]Gb|ljGb'sf] ?kdf
k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .. of] sfd Toxf“ ug{ ;lsG5, hxf“ :yfgLo kf6L{ sld6Ln]
7Ls 7fG5 .
!$=qmflGtk|lt b[9 xf]pm /
pTkfbg a9fpm M
dxfg\ ;j{xf/fjfbL ;f“:s[lts qmflGtsf] nIf
hgtfsf] ljrf/ qmflGtsf/L agfpg' xf] / To;sf] kl/0ffd sfdsf] ;a} If]qdf
7"nf, l56f, c;n / a9L ldtJooL glthf xfl;n ug{' xf] . olb hg;d"x
k"/f pl7;s]sf] 5 / plrt aGbf]j:t ldnfOPsf] 5 eg] ;f“:s[lts qmflGt /
pTkfbgsfo{ b'j}df Psn] csf{nfO{ afwf gk'¥ofOsg xfd|f] ;a} sfddf pRr u'0fsf] Uof/]06L;fy
;+rfng ug{ ;Dej x'g]5 .
dxfg\ ;j{xf/fjfbL ;f“:s[lts qmflGt xfd|f]
d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs pTkfbg zlQmsf] ljsf;sf] nflu Ps zlQmzfnL k|]/szlQm xf] .
pTkfbgsf] ljsf;df dxfg\ ;f“:s[lts qmflGtsf] ;dt'No csf{] s'g} klg ;xL ljrf/
5}g .
!%= ;}lgs zlQm M
;}lgs ;]jfdf kf6L{ s]Gb|Lo sld6L ;]gf cfof]u
/ hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] ;fwf/0f /fhg}lts ljefusf] lgb{]zg cg';f/ ;f“:s[lts qmflGt /
;dfhjfbL lzIff ;~rfng ul/g'k5{ .
!^= dfcf]T;]t'ª ljrf/wf/f
dxfg\ ;j{xf/fjfbL ;f“:s[lts qmflGtsf] nflu kyk|bz{s xf] M
dxfg\ ;j{xf/fjfbL ;f“:s[lts qmflGtdf
dfcf]T;]t'ª ljrf/wf/fsf] dxfg\ /ftf] em08fnfO{ p7fpg' / ;j{xf/fjfbL /fhgLltnfO{
x's'ddf /fVg' cfjZos 5 . cWoIf dfcf]T;]t'ªsf s[ltx? /rgfTds 9+un] cWoog ug{]
/ nfu" ug{] cleofg dhb"/, ls;fg, ;]gf, sfo{stf{ Pj+ a'l4hLjLx? aLrdf
rnfpg'k5{ / dfcf]T;]t'ª ljrf/wf/fnfO{ ;f“:s[lts qmflGtdf kyk|bz{ssf] ?kdf
lnOg'k5{ .
of] c;fwf/0f dxfg\ ;f“:s[lts qmflGtdf ;a}
txsf kf6L{ sld6Ldf cWoIf dfcf]sf s[lt rf]vf] dg / /rgfTds 9+un] cWoog ug{}k5{ .
vf;u/L ltgLx?n] ;f“:s[lts qmflGtaf/]df / kf6L{sf g]t[Tj k4ltsf af/]df cWoIf
dfcf]n] n]Vg' ePsf s[ltx? h:t} gf}nf] hgjfbaf/], o]gfg uf]i7Ldf ;flxTo / snfaf/]
s'/fsfgL, hgtfsf] aLrsf] cGt/lj/f]wsf] ;xL ;~rfngaf/]df, k|rf/k|;f/ ug{] sfdsf]
af/]df, lrlgof“ sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngdf efif0f, g]t[Tjsf k4lt ;DaGwL
s]xL ;jfnx? / kf6L{ sld6Lsf] sfo{ k4lt cflb bf]xf]¥ofO{ t]x¥ofO{ k9\g'k5{ .
;a} txsf kf6L{ sld6Ln] cWoIf dfcf]n]
jiff{}+b]lv lbg' ePsf lgb{]zg kfng ug{'k5{ eGg'sf] cy{ ltgLx?n] æhgtfaf6
hgtfnfO{Æ eGg] hggLlt k"0f{tof nfu" ug{'k5{ / ltgLx? klxn] lzio
aGg'k5{ clg lzIfs aGg'k5{ .. ltgLx?n] PskIfLo jf ;+s'lrt aGg] afgL
TofUg'k5{ . ltgLx?n] åGåfTds ef}ltsjfbsf] kfngkf]if0f ug{'k5{ / cWofTdjfb
/ kfl08To k|bz{gsf] lj/f]w ug{'k5{ .