– ;L=kL= uh'/]n
sl/a ;f“9] 5 nfv hg;+Vof ePsf] b]z e'6fgsf]
lhUd] l;+u] jfª\ur'ssf] lg/+s'z /fhtGqfTds kmf;LjfbL zf;g sl/a ! nfv @) xhf/
b]zsf gful/snfO{ sfg'gL ?kdf g} b]z lgsfnf u/]/ ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf lgs[i6td\ zf;g
dWo]sf] Pp6f xf] eGg] s'/f ljZjsf cufl8 gf¨f] ?kdf lrlgPsf] 5 . cfkm\g}
b]zsf gful/snfO{ …ljb]zLÚ eGg] h:tf] lgn{Hh 3f]if0ff ub}{ kf“rv08sf] Psv08
gful/snfO{ /fi6«ljxLg agfpg] lhUd]n] g}lts?kdf e'6fgdf zf;g ug]{ clwsf/
u'dfO;s]sf] 5 . & j6f SofDkdf u/L sl/j @@ xhf/ ef/tLo ;]gf e'6fgdf
/fVg lbP/ lhUd]n] cfkm" ef/tLo bnfn ePsf] klg /fd|f];“u k'li6 ub}{ cfPsf]
5 . s}of}+ jif{b]lv /fhg}lts z/0ffyL{sf] ?kdf e'6fgdf a;]sf pNkmf / af]8f]
qmflGtsf/Lx?nfO{ …e'6fgaf6 lgSng] cfb]zÚ hf/L u/]/ cfkm\gf] ef/telQmnfO{ k'gM
k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] ubf{ g} b]zsf kf“r v08sf Ps v08 gful/snfO{
3f]lift?kdf g} b]z lgsfnf ubf{ klg cfkm"nfO{ blIf0f Plzofsf] …bfbfÚ 7fGg]
/ …;+;f/s} ;a}eGbf 7'nf] k|hftGq dWo]sf] Pp6f ePsf]Ú l8+u xf“Sg] ef/tn] of]
gf+uf] s's[Tok|lt Ps zAb af]ln/x]sf] 5}g / lhUd]s} cfttfoL zf;gnfO{ d2t
k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . …rf]/–rf]/ df};]/f efOÚ eGg] d}lynL efiffsf] pvfgnfO{
rl/tfy{ ub}{ cfkm\gf] b]znfO{ k/sf] ;jfnfv ljb]zL z/0ffyL{sf] rfkk|lt s'g} dtnj
g} g/fv] h:tf] u/]/ e'6fgsf] lg/+s'z /fhtGqk|lt cufw lgi7f k|s6 ub}{ g]kfnsf]
zfifsju{ ljgfzt{ lhUd];+u c+sdfn u/]/ of] ck/fwsf] lx:;]bf/ ag]sf] 5 . o;
k|sf/ e'6fg, ef/t / g]kfnsf k|ltlqmofjfbL zf;sx?sf] lk;fO{df k/]/ ;jfnfv e'6fgL
gful/s …;fd"lxs d[To'Úsf] l:yltaf6 u'lh|/x]sf 5g\ . of] ;d:ofsf]
uDeL/tf hlt 5, To; cg';f/sf] rf;f] st}af6 klg b]vfPsf] kfOPsf] 5}g .
;jfnfv e'6fgLsf] of] ;d:of /fhg}lts / dfgjLo b'a} xf] . ;dodf o;sf] plrt
cu|ufdL lgsf; lbg ;lsPg eg] ;jf nfv e'6fgLsf cufl8 …n8 of d/Ú sf] l:yltdf hfg'
eGbf c? s'g} ljsNk 5}g . of] l:yltdf e'6fg, g]kfn / ef/tsf ;a} Gofosf nflu
;+3if{/t zlQm, ;+u7g / hg;d'bfo of] cdfgjLo cTofrf/af6 kLl8t e'6fgL hgtfsf]
kIfdf b/f];“u pleg' h?/L 5 . e'6fg / g]kfnsf ;/sf/åf/f agfOPsf] …e'6fgL
z/0ffyL{ k|dfl0fs/0fÚ 6f]nLn] s]jn # k|ltzt e'6fgLnfO{ dfq e'6fgL ePsf] h'g
kfv08L lg0f{o ;'gfPsf] 5, To;sf] hg3ftL rl/q :jtM :ki6 5 . of] l:yltdf
;jfnfv lgbf]{if hgtfsf ;fd' pkl:yt of] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgaf/] Jofks 5nkmn rnfpg' /
o;sf] ;dfwfgsf] nflu d}bfgdf pqg' lgtfGt h?/L eO;s]sf] 5 .
dWoo'uLg
lg/ª\s'z /fhtGq
kxf8L efu ^) k|ltzt, lxdfnL efu @( k|ltzt
ePsf] e'6fgdf a9L hg3gTj ePsf] dWo e'6fg xf] . $) xhf/ ju{lsnf] ld6/
If]qkmn ePsf] e'6fgdf tLj| a]udf aUg] gbLx? Kfof{Kt ePsf] x'gfn] hnljB'tsf]
If]qdf of] ;fgf] d'n's w]/} wgL 5 . sl/a *) k|ltzt x/fe/f h+un ePsf] of]
kxfl8 d'n's cd'No hl8a'6L / ax'd'No sf7sf] e08f/ g} xf] . o;af6 s] :ki6
x'G5 eg] e'6fgdf hgtfsf] Joj:yf :yfkgf u/]/ cfGtl/s / afx\o zf]if0faf6 d'Qm ug{
;lsPsf] v08df e'6fg Pp6f ;DkGg k|s[ltn] l;+uf/]sf] ;'Gb/ /fi6« aGg ;Sb5 .
t/, e'6fgL hgtfsf] nflu 7'nf] b'ef{Uosf]
s'/f, Toxf“ Oltxf;sf ljleGg sfnv08df lg/+s'z dWoo'lug ;fdGtL /fhtGq /x“b}
cfPsf] 5 . ljBdfg jfª r's lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf] k|f/De ePsf] !)) aif{ hlt dfq
ePsf] 5 . cgf}7f] s'/f s] 5 eg], hlta]nf ljZjsf ljleGg efudf /fhtGq
hgtfsf] cf“wLdo ;+3if{x?af6 Wj+z x'“b} lyP / /fhfsf ;"g / lx/fdf]tL hl8Psf
>Lk]rx?nfO{ hgtfn] es'08f] v]Nb} lyP, Tolta]nf of] /fhtGq e'6fgdf sfod ePsf]
lyof] . To;af6 ;dfh ljsf;sf] ultdf e'6fg slt w]/} k5fl8 k/]sf] /x]5 eGg]
cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 . of] /fhtGq cfkm\gf] k|f/Deb]lv g} cToGt qm"/,
lg/+s'z / dWoo'uLg k|sf/sf] /x“b} cfPsf] 5 . o;} aif{ @@ clk|ndf :yflkt
ePsf] 3f]if0ff e'6fg sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfS;{jfbL–n]lggjfbL–dfcf]jfbL _ sf]
3f]if0ffkqdf pNn]lvt oL jfSof+zn] of] /fhtGqsf] jf:tljs l:yltdfly /fd|f] k|sfz
kf/]sf] 5 M …e"6fgsf] PstflGqs /fhtGqfTds zf;gsf] :yfkgf;“u} hgbdgdf
plqof] . %@ 9f]sf b/af/ agfpg] snfsdL{ b]jfgnfO{ kf/f]df nu]/ xTof
ul/of] . hgtfdfly zf]if0f / cTofrf/ a9\b} uPkl5 To;sf] lj?4df !($^ df
8L=aL= u'?ª, ;g]an, 8Da/ l;+x u'?ª, cl8 axfb'/ u'?ª / ;zjL/ /fO{sf] ;lqmotfdf
klxnf] k6s …ho uf]vf{Ú] cfGbf]ng eof] . ;'/fsLx?sf] ;xfotfn] cGo Toxf“sf
hfltx?nfO{ k|of]u u/L wg'sf“8 / aGb's k|of]u u/]/ cfGbf]ngnfO{ bdg ul/of] #^
hgfnfO{ y'gfdf /flvof] . w]/} ljb]lzg jfWo eP . e'6fg k'gM k|j]zdf
/f]s nufOof] . !($* df dxf“z'/ a:g]tn] e'6fgL ;fdGtjfbsf lj?4 ljb|f]x u/L
k|hftGq :yfkgf ug]{ p2]Zon] /fhg}lts kf6L{sf] u7g k|lqmof yfNbf ljZjf;3ft eP/
lhUd] kfNb]g bf]hL{sf] g]t[Tjdf dxfz'/nfO{ kqmfp u/L 5fnfsf] wf]qmfdf xfnL
9'+uf]df af“w]/ lhp“b} ;'gsf]zL gbLdf kmfn]/ xTof ul/of] . dzx'/sf]
xTofkl5 ;Ns]sf] hgljb|f]xsf] /f“sf] !(%$ df l8=aL= u'?ªsf] cWoIftfdf e"6fg
:6]6 sf+u|];sf] :yfkgf u/L ;Tofu|x cfGbf]ng b]vf k¥of] . To; cfGbf]ngnfO{
bafpg Ps} 7fp“df @$ hgfsf] xTof ul/of] . -pQm, k[i7 @_ .
o; k|sf/ Toxf“sf] dWoo'lug ;fdGtL lg/+s'z
/fhtGqn] ef/tsf] a[l6z ;fd|fHojfb lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngsf] k|efj:j?k k}bf ePsf]
r]tgfsf cfwf/df s]xL ;'wf/sf nflu ul/Psf] ;fdfGo ;+3if{nfO{ klg
lgd{dtfk"j{s bafof] . jt{dfg zfifs lhUd] ;g\ !(&@ df ;Qfl;g
ePkl5sf] # bzssf] Oltxf; lg/+s'ztf, bdg / cTofrf/n] el/Psf] 5 . lhUd]n]
e'6fgdf cfly{s / /fhg}lts zf]if0f dfq u/]sf] 5}g ls hftLo Pjd\ wfld{s zf]if0f
klg k|r'/ dfqfdf u/]sf] 5 . blIf0f–klZrd e'6fgdf a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf g]kfnL
hflt Toxf“sf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] ;+Vof ePsf] hflt xf], h'g Toxf“sf] s'n hg;+Vofsf]
$# k|ltzt 5 . e'6fgsf] bf];|f] 7'nf] hflt ;f5f]{k s'n hg;+Vofsf] ## k|ltzt
5 . /fhf lhUd]sf] ªfnf]g hfltsf] hg;+Vof s]jn !^ k|ltzt dfq 5, h;n] cGo *$
k|ltzt hfltdfly lgd{d hftLo pTkL8g ul//x]sf] 5 . Toxf“ ªfnf]g hflts}
efiffnfO{ …/fli6«o efiffÚ 3f]lift ul/Psf] 5 / ltgLx?n] nufpg] n'uf g} Toxf“sf]
…/fli6«o kf]zfsÚsf] bhf{ kfPsf] 5 . Toxf“ wfld{s zf]if0f olt rsf]{ /
kfv08k"0f{ 5 ls lhUd]n] dfGg] a'4 wd{ dfGg] zf5f]{k hfltdfly o; sf/0f bdg
ul/Psf] 5 ls lhUd]n] dfGg] u/]sf] /ftf] 6f]kL nufpg] ;d'bfosf] ;§f pgLx?n]
kx]+nf] 6f]kL nufpg] u5{g\ .
lhUd] zf;gn] #) xhf/sf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf] e'6fgL
zfxL ;]gf / !) xhf/sf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf] zfxL e'6fg uf8{sf] lg/+s'z lsl;dsf]
k|of]u u/]/ Toxf“ /fhg}lts ;+u7g dfq xf]Og ls dfgj clwsf/ / cGo s'g} klg
;+u7gdfly k|ltjGw nufPsf] 5 / Toxf“ ev{/} tLg dlxgf cl3 vf]lnPsf] egL ;fj{hlgs
?kdf 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] e'6fg sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfS;{jfbL–nlggjfbL–dfcf]jfbL_ afx]s
s'g} klg ;+u7g e'6fgleq sfo{/t 5}gg\ . olt;Dd ls Toxf“ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3s}
klg s'g} dfgjclwsf/jfbL ;+3–;+:yf 5}gg\ . o; k|sf/ e'6fgsf] /fhtGq o;
k|sf/sf] abgfd ;+:yf xf] h;n] 3f]lift ?kd} dfgjclwsf/sf] xgg ub{5 .
To;sf/0f, e'6fgdf cfly{s, ;fdflhs,
/fhg}lts, hftLo Pjd\ wfld{s :jtGqtfsf] lgldQ clxn] lhDd]n] g]t[Tj u/]sf] ofª
r's dWoo'lug lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf] cGTo ug'{ clgjfo{ zt{ xf] .
E'f6fgL z/0ffyL{sf] juL{s/0f M
Ps 3fts lg0f{o
E'f6fgaf6 hah{:tL nv]l6P/ g]kfnsf] emfkf /
df]/ª lhNnfsf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 ;d]tsf] ;+nUgtfdf vf]lnPsf z/0ffyL{ lzlj/x?df
/x]sf ! nfv eGbf a9L e'6fgL z/0ffyL{nfO{ e'6fg kmsf{pg]af/] cg]s rrf{ kl/rrf{x?
rn] . g]kfn / e"6fg ;/sf/sf k|ltlglwx?sf cg]s k6s sf7df8f}+ / lyDk'df
ePsf jftf{x? ef]h–et]/df dfq ;Lldt /x] . To; bf}/fgdf e'6fgL ;/sf/n]
leqleq} g]kfnL kIfsf dflg;x?nfO{ vl/b u/]sf] rrf{ klg kof{Kt aflx/ cfpg] u/]sf
x'g\ . clGtddf b'a} ;/sf/sf k|ltlglwx?n] b'a} kIfaf6 ldnfP/ z/0ffyL{
k|df0fLs/0f 6f]nL u7g u/]kl5 e'6fgL z/0ffyL{n] :jb]z kms{g] k|lqmof k'/f x'G5
ls eGg] cfzf u/]sf lyP . pQm 6f]nLn] k6s–k6s emfkf / df]/ªsf ljleGg
lzlj/x?df uP/ cGtjftf{ lng] / hf“ra'em ug]{ sfd klg u¥of] . pQm 6f]nLn]
s]xL lbg cl3 dfq cfºgf] k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ub}{ ;Dk"0f{ e'6fgL z/0ffyL{dWo]
s]jn # k|ltztnfO{ dfq e'6fg kms{g of]Uo 7x/ u/L @ k|ltztnfO{ ck/fwL 3f]lift
u/]sf] 5 tyf (% k|ltzt z/0ffyL{nfO{ ljgf b]zsf dflg; agfpg] w[i6tf u/]sf]
5 . of] lg0f{o k|fof]lht, ck/fwk"0f{ / ablgotk"0f{ ePsf] s'/fdf
s'g} ;Gb]x 5}g . of] ck/fwk"0f{ lg0f{o kZrft\ z/0ffyL{x?nfO{ k|f0f;Dd
wfGgsf nflu vfBfGgsf] Joj:yf ub}{ cfPsf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] z/0ffyL{ cfof]un]
klg xft lemSg] ;Defjgf 5 . Tof] cj:yfdf oL e'6fgL z/0ffyL{sf] Hofg s;/L
arfpg] eGg] k|Zg cxd\ k|Zg ag]/ plePsf] 5 .
ca s]
ug]{ <
o:t]f cj:yfdf, of] ;d:ofsf] cu|ufdL lgsf;sf
nflu lgDg lnlvt ljifodf Wofg lbg' h?/L b]lvG5 M
k|ydtM cfkm\gf ljleGg /fhg}lts cf:yfsf
afjh'b z/0ffyL{ lzlj/df / cGoq /x]sf ;a} e'6fgL hgtfsf ;+u7gx?, dfgjclwsf/jfbL
;+3 / ;+:yfx? / JolQmTjx? ;a} of] ck/fwk"0f{ k|ltj]bgnfO{ vf/]h u/fO{
z/0ffyL{x?nfO{ plrt lsl;dn] :jb]z kms{g] Joj:yf ldnfpgsf nflu Pstfj4 eP/ ;+o'Qm
;+3if{df pqg' kb{5 . pQm 3fts / ck/fwL k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ePsf] nuQ} k5fl8
e'6fgL qmflGtsf/L ljBfyL{ ;+3sf] cfof]hgfdf ePsf] lj/f]w h'n'z / pQm k|ltj]bg
hnfpg] sfdsf] e'6fgL z/0ffyL{x?åf/f ul/Psf] Jofks ;dy{gn] of] klxnf] ;Defjgfsf]
j:t'ut cfwf/ ljBdfg 5 eGg] s'/fsf] /fd|f] ;+s]t ub{5 . låtLo, e'6fgL
z/0ffyL{ ;d:ofsf] Gofok"0f{ ;dfwfg rfxg] ;a} g]kfnL ;+u7g / ;+3–;+:yfx?n]
Pstfj4 ?kdf e'6fgL ;+u7gx?;“u P]Soj4tf sfod u/L of] cGofok"0f{ k|ltj]bgsf]
lj/f]w / Gofok"0f{ ?kdf e'6fgL z/0ffyL{x?nfO{ :jb]z kmsf{pg] jftfj/0f
agfpgsf nflu bjfj l;h{gf ug]{ ;zQm ;+3if{ ug'{ h?/L 5 . oxf“ pNn]v
ug{]kg]{ kIf s] 5 eg] cfkm\g} b]zleq ljBdfg e'6fgL g]kfnLx?sf] of] hl6n Pjd\
uDeL/ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu g]kfnsf /fhg}lts kf6L{x?sf] hlt rf;f] / ;lqmotf
x'g' cfjZos lyof], Tolt b]Vg ;lsPsf] 5}g . e'6fgL z/0ffyL{x?sf] :jb]z
jfk;Lsf] lgldQ ag]sf] ;+o'Qm k|df0fLs/0f 6f]nLdf /x]sf g]kfnL k|ltlglwsf]
To:tf] gf¨f] /fi6«3ftL / cfk/flws lg0f{ok|lt ;d]t s'g} /fhg}lts kf6L{n] cfjfh
p7fPsf] kfOPsf] 5}g . cfkm\g} b]zsf gful/ssf] of] larNnL x'“bf dfvf] dfg{
g;Sg] of] Oltxf;n] kfvf nufO;Sbf klg rf]/ s's'/ h:tf] ag]/ cfPsf] / cfkm\g}
b]zsf dw]zL hfltx?nfO{ gful/stf glbg] of] k“r] ;/sf/n] e'6fgsf gful/snfO{
gful/stf lbg] h:tf] /fi6«3ftL lg0f{o ;fj{hlgs ul/;Sbf klg g]kfnsf /fhg}lts
kf6L{x?sf] o; ljifodf Wofg k'Ug ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ;+3if{/t ;a} /fhg}lts
kf6L{x?sf] o; ljifodf sfo{ut Pstf sfod u/L e'6fgL z/0ffyL{nfO{ plrt lsl;dn] /
OHhtsf ;fy :jb]z kms{g] Joj:yf ldnfpgsf nflu bjfj ;[li6 ug'{ h?/L 5 .
t]>f], :jod\ e'6fgleq}af6 Toxf“sf
Gofok|]dL hgtfn] z/0ffyL{nfO{ plrt lsl;dn] :jb]z lkmtf{ ug{sf nflu e'6fgL
;/sf/nfO{ bjfj lbg ;+3if{sf] ;[li6 ug'{k5{ . jf:tjdf of] ;+3if{nfO{ 7Ls;“u
p7fpg ;s]sf] v08df o;n] e'6fgL z/0ffyL{nfO{ :jb]z kmsf{pg] sfd dfq ub}{g ls jfª
r's zf;gnfO{ eljiodf To:tf] ck/fw gug{ ;d]t of] Pp6f 7'nf] r'gf}tL x'g]5 .
o;df yk dxŒjk"0f{ kIf of] klg 5 ls slxNo} cfkm\gf] b]zdf ;fdfGo k|hftflGqs
xsclwsf/sf] klg hfgsf/L gkfPsf e'6fgL hgtfn] g]kfndf /x“bf ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf]
;fy–;fy} gof“ hgjfbL Joj:yfsf] nflu ;+rfng eO/x]sf] dxfg\ hgo'4sf] ;d]t s]xL g
s]xL cg'e"lt u/]sf 5g\ / To;sf] k|efj ;d]t pgLx?n] cfkm';“u} lnP/ e'6fg
kms{g] 5g\ . of] kIf eljiodf e'6fgdf x'g] /fhg}lts kl/jt{gsf] lgldQ Pp6f
b"/ufdL dxŒjsf] ljifo xf] . rf}yf] s'/f, e'6fgsf l;dfjtL{ /fHo Pjd\
If]qsf Gofok|]dL ef/tLo hgtfn] klg e'6fgL z/0ffyL{x?dfly cfOk/]sf] of] /fhg}lts
Pjd\ dfgjLo ;d:ofsf] ;xL ;dfwfgsf] lgldQ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' cfjZos 5 .
cfkm\gf] l5d]ssf hgtfdfly eO/x]sf] of] cfkb\ / ljkb\nfO{ d'sbz{s eP/ al;/xg'
ef/tLo qmflGtsf/Lx? / Gofok|]dL hgtfsf nflu zf]egLo s'/f cjZo x'g] 5}g .
o; k|sf/, …juL{s/0fÚsf gfddf Psnfv eGbf a9L e'6fgL hgtfnfO{ b]z ljgfsf hgtfsf] l:yltdf k'¥ofOPsf] 5 / pgLx?nfO{ ef]sef]s} dg{ afWo t'NofO“b}5 . o;/L pgLx?sf] sfg'gL g/;Dxf/ x'“b}5 . Ps nfv dflg;x?sf] of] ljkQLnfO{ x]/]/ xfdL sf]xL klg d'sbz{s ag]/ a:g ;Sb}gf}+ . ljBdfg g]kfnL zf;ssf] rl/q klg e'6fgsf] ;fdGtL clwgfosjfbL lg/+s'z zfifs lhUd]sf] h:t} ePsf]n] ljBdfg g]kfnsf] zf;sju{ klg Ps nfv e'6fgL z/0ffyL{sf] sfg'gL g/;Dxf/ ug]{ lhUd]sf] of]hgfdf dltof/ aGg k'u]sf] 5 . @@ xhf/ ef/tLo ;]gf e'6fgleq rnv]n ug{ kfPsf] / e'6fgsf] k|fs[lts ;Dkbf n'6\g kfPsf] x'gfn] ef/tsf] k|ltlqmofjfbL ;/sf/ klg lhUd]nfO{ g} d2t ul//x]sf] 5 . of] l:yltdf hgkIfLo /fhg}lts zlQmx? Pjd\ gful/s ;dfhdfly g} of] hl6n Pjd\ s7Lg dfgjLo / /fhg}lts ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf] lgldQ ;+3if{df plqg}kg]{ l:ylt k}bf ePsf] 5 . cfpg' xf];\ xfdL ;a} ldn]/ hgzlQmsf] Ps–k6s /fd|f];“u kl/ro lbp“ / cTofrf/Lx?nfO{ /fd|f];“u kf7 l;sfp“b} Ps nfv e'6fgL z/0ffyL{nfO{ plrt / Gofok"0f{ 9+un] :jb]z kmsf{pg] sfddf of]ubfg k'¥ofcf}+ . q