ljrf/hut\

-cu:6 *, !(^^ df kfl/t_

!= ;dfhjfbL qmflGtdf Pp6f gf}nf] cWofoM

     dxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;f“:s[lts qmflGt clxn] rln/x]sf] 7"nf] qmflGt xf], h;n] hgtfsf] ;Dk"0f{ r]tgfnfO{ 5'G5 . o;n] xfd|f] d'n'ssf] ;dfhjfbL qmflGtsf] ljsf;df klxnf] eGbf uxg / Jofks Pp6f gf}nf] cWofo yk]sf] 5 .

     kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo sld6Lsf] bzf}+ k"0f{ a}7sdf sfd/]8 dfcf] T;]–t'ªn] eGg'eof]– /fhg}lts ;Qf kN6fpg ;aeGbf klxn] hgdt tof/ ug'{ / j}rfl/s If]qdf sfd ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf x'G5 . of] s'/f qmfltsf/L ju{sf] ;fy;fy} k|ltqmflGtsf/L ju{sf] nflu klg ;f“rf] x'G5 . sfd/]8 dfcf] T;]–t'ªsf] of] l;4fGt Jojxf/df k"0f{ ;xL ;fljt ePsf] 5 .

     a'h'{jfju{sf] ;QfnfO{ ldNsfO;s] tfklg o;n] hg;d"xnfO{ e|i6 agfpg, logLx?sf] dg sAhf ug{ / ;Qfdf kms{g] k|of; ug{ zf]ifsju{sf] k'/fgf] ljrf/, ;“:s[lt, /Lltl/jfh / Jojxf/ nfu" ug]{ cem} k|of; ub}{5 . ;j{xf/fju{n] o;sf] 7Ls ljk/Lt sfd ug'{k5{– j}rfl/s If]qdf a'h'{jfju{n] k|To]s xf“s;“u h'Wg}k5{, clg ;Dk"0f{ ;dfhsf] dfgl;s b[li6sf]0f kl/jt{g ug{sf] nflu ;j{xf/fju{sf] gof“ ljrf/, ;“:s[lt /Llt–l/jfh / Jojxf/x? k|of]u ug'{k5{ . xfn xfd|f] p2]Zo xf]– ;dfhjfbL Joj:yfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f / ljsf;sf] nflu k'“hLjfbL af6f] lng] ;Qf;Lg JolQmsf lj?4 ;ª\3if{ ug'{ / ldNsfpg', k|ltlqmofjfbL a'h'{jf, z}lIfs clwsf/Lx?sf] / a'h'{jf Pjd\ c? ;a} zf]ifsju{sf] b[li6sf]0fsf] cfnf]rgf ug'{ / TofUg', ;dfhjfbL cfly{s hucg'?k gePsf lzIff, ;flxTo–snf / aflx/L 9f“rfsf“rfsf c? ;a} c¨sf] ?kfGt/0f ug'{ .

@= d"n wf/f / afª\uf–l6ª\uf af6fx?M

     o; dxfg\ ;f“:s[lts qmflGtdf sfdbf/, ls;fg, ;]gf, qmflGtsf/L a'l4hLjL / qmflGtsf/L sfo{stf{x? ldnL d'VozlQm aG5 . klxn] glrlgPsf y'k|} qmflGtsf/L hjfgx? ;fx;L / gL8/ cl3Nnf] kª\lQmdf plePsf 5g\ . ltgLx? k"/f zlQm nufP/ sfd ub}{5g\ / a'l4dfg 5g\ . 7"nf cIf/] kf]:6/ / 7"nf–7"nf jfbljjfbsf] dfWodaf6 ltgLx?n] v'Nnf / n's]sf a'h'{jf k|ltlglwx?sf lj?4 ;xL ts{ lbG5g\, gª\UofOlbG5g\ / s8f cfnf]rgf u5{g\ . o:tf] dxfg\ qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ngdf ltgLx?sf] qmflGtsf/L kl/ro ;'?b]lv g} ;xL eP tfklg ltgLx?df s'g} g s'g} lsl;dsf] sdhf]/L cjZo x'G5 . of] g} ;j{xf/fjfbL ;f“:s[lts qmflGtsf] d"n wf/f xf] . of] g} cfdlbzf xf] . o;} lbzfdf dxfg\ ;j{xf/fjfbL ;f“:s[lts qmflGt nuftf/ cufl8 a9\5 .

     ;f“:s[lts qmflGt Pp6f qmflGt ePsf]n] o;df k|lt/f]w kSs} x'G5 . of] k|lt/f]w d'Votof tL clwsf/Laf6 cfp“5, hf] kf6L{leq 3';]sf 5g\ / k'“hLjfbL af6f] lnO/x]sf 5g\ . of] k|lt/f]w k'/fgf] ;dfhdf x's]{sf afgL–a]xf]/faf6 klg cfp“5 . clxn] of] k|lt/f]w cem} alnof] / s8f g} 5 . t/ kl5 uP/ dxfg\ ;j{xf/fjfbL ;f“:s[lts qmflGt Pp6f k|lt/f]w ug{ g;lsg] cfdwf/f aGg]5 . o;sf k|z:t k|df0f 5g\ ls Psk6s hg;d"x p7]kl5 To:tf k|lt/f]w l5§} tx;gx; x'g]5g\ .

     k|lt/f]w lgs} alnof] ePsf]n] o; ;ª\3if{df pN6f]kfN6f] x'g]5 / pN6f]kfN6f] bf]xf]l/+b} hfg] klg 5 . o;af6 s'g} gf]S;fg x'g]5}g . o;n] ;j{xf/f Pjd\ c? sfdbf/ / ljz]if u/L o'jf lk+9LnfO{ vf/]/ :kft agfpg]5 . ltgLx?nfO{ kf7 l;sfpg]5, cg'ej lbg]5 / qmflGtsf] af6f] ;f]emf] geP/ af¨f]–l6¨f] x'G5 eGg] s'/f a'emfpg]5 .

#= ;fx;nfO{ ;a}eGbf dfly /fv / lg8/ ag]/ hg;d"xnfO{ lap“emfpmM

     kf6L{ g]t[Tjn] gL8/ ag]/ cfd hg;d"xnfO{ p7fpg] ;fx; u5{ ls ub}{g, o;} s'/fn] g} o; dxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;f“:s[lts qmflGtsf] pknlAwnfO{ lgwf{/0f ug]{5 .

     clxn] kf6L{ ;ª\u7gsf ljleGg txdf ;f“:s[lts qmflGtsf] cfGbf]ngdf lbOPsf] g]t[Tjdf rf/ leGg kl/l:ylt /x]sf 5g\ .

     -s_ kl/l:ylt o:tf] 5 h;df kf6L{ ;ª\u7gsf k|d'vx? hf] cfGbf]ngsf] clu|d kª\lQmdf pleP/ hf]zsf ;fy hg;d"xnfO{ p7fpg] ;fx; u5{g\ . ltgLx?n] ;fx;nfO{ ;a}eGbf dfly /fV5g\ . ltgLx? lg8/, sDo'lg:6 n8fs" / cWoIf dfcf]sf c;n r]nfx? x'g\ . ltgLx?n] 7"nf cIf/] kf]:6/ / 7"nf jfbljjfbsf kIfdf af]N5g\ . ltgLx?n] hgtfnfO{ ;a} lsl;dsf e"t / /fIf;x?nfO{ gª\Uofpg xf};nf lbG5g\ . Pjd\ clwsf/Lx?sf] sfddf ePsf] sdhf]/L / e"n–lj/fdx?sf] cfnf]rgf ug{ klg xf};nf lbG5g\ . of] sfd ;xL lsl;dsf] g]t[Tj sfod /fVg, ;j{xf/fjfbL /fhgLltnfO{ clu|d kª\lQmdf / dfcf] T;]–t'ª ljrf/wf/fnfO{ g]t[Tjdf /fVg'sf] kmn xf] .

     -v_ w]/} OsfOx?, k|d'v JolQmx?df o; ;ª\3if{af/] g]t[Tjsf] sfddf yf]/} ;dembf/L 5 . ltgLx?sf] g]t[Tj nugzLntf k|efjsfl/tfaf6 6f9f 5 / ltgLx? cfkm}nfO{ cof]Uo / sdhf]/ l:yltdf ePsf] kfp“5g\ . ltgLx? 8/kf]s 5g\ . k'/fgf tl/sf / lgoddf cl8u /xG5g\ / k/Dk/fut Jojxf/x? tf]8\g / cufl8 a9\g ltgLx? rfx“b}gg\ . gof“ j:t'l:ylt / hgtfsf] qmflGtsf/L ultljlwaf6 cgle1 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ ltgLx?sf] g]t[Tj kl/l:ylteGbf kl5 k/]sf] 5 / cfd hg;d"xeGbf kl5 k/]sf] 5 .

     -u_ s]xL OsfOx?sf k|d'vx? h;n] Ps lsl;dn] uNtL u/]sf 5g\– pgLx? hg;d"xn] uNtL b]V5g\, cfkm"nfO{ unxTofP/ lgsfN5g\ eGg] 8/n] qf;nfO{ ;aeGbf dfly /fV5g\ . jf:tjdf olb ltgLx?n] uDeL/ cfTdfnf]rgf u5{g\ / hg;d"xsf] cfnf]rgf :jLsf/ u5{g\ eg] kf6L{ / hg;d"xn] ltgLx?sf] e"n lj/fdnfO{ dfGg]5g\ . t/ olb k|d'vx?n] cfTdfnf]rgf / hg;d"xsf] cfnf]rgf :jLsf/ ub}{gg\ eg] ltgLx?n] e"n–lj/fd ub}{ hfg]5g\ / hgcfGbf]ngsf] nflu afwf aGg]5g\ .

     -3_ s]xL OsfOx? ltgLx?sf] lgoGq0fdf 5g\, hf] kf6L{leq 3':g ;kmn ePsf 5g\ / k'“hLjfbL af6f] lnO/x]sf 5g\ . ;Qfdf ePsf oL JolQmx? hg;d"xaf6 gfl¨OPnf ls eGg] s'/fn] lgs} t;]{sf 5g\ / hgcfGbf]ngnfO{ bafpg] x/;Dej axfgf vf]h]sf 5g\ . ltgLx? cfqmd0fsf] lgzfgf km]g]{ / cfGbf]ngnfO{ s'af6f]df nfg] k|of;df sfnf]nfO{ ;]tf] agfpg]] h:tf rfnafhL ub}{5g\ . ha ltgLx? cfkm"nfO{ ljns'n PSnf] kfp“5g\ / klxn]h:t} sfd rnfpg c;dy{ x'G5g\ ltgLx? qmflGtsf/Lx?nfO{ cfqmd0f ug]{ Wo]o–p2]Zon] ;s];Dd a9L hfnem]n ug]{, k5fl8af6 hgtfnfO{ df/ xfGg], xf]xfNnf lkm+hfpg] / qmflGt Pjd\ k|ltqmflGtaLrsf] km/snfO{ wldnf] kfg]{ sfd u5{g\ .

     kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo sld6Ln] ;a} txsf kf6L{ sld6L;“u s] dfu u5{ eg] ltgLx? ;xL g]t[Tj lng pBt\ ag"g\ . ;fx;nfO{ ;a}eGbf dfly /fv]/ lg8/tfsf ;fy hg;d"xnfO{ p7fpmg\ . hxf“ sdhf]/L / c;dy{tf 5, To;nfO{ kl/jt{g u?g\ . tL sfd/]8x? h;n] uNtL u/]sf 5g\ / cfkm\gf dfgl;s af]em x6fpg uNtL ;'wfg{ OR5's 5g\, ltgLx?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbpmg\ / ;ª\3if{df ;fd]n u?g\ . k'“hLjfbL af6f] lng] ;a} clwsf/Lx?nfO{ cfkm\gf c•faf6 vf/]h ul/of];\ / ;j{xf/fjfbL qmflGtsf/Lx?sf] lglDt g]t[Tj k'gM xftnfuL ug{ ;Dej xf]cf];\ .

$= cFGbf]ngdf hg;d"x cfkm} lzlIft xf];\M

     dxfg\ ;j{xf/fjfbL ;f“:s[lts qmflGtdf Ps dfq k4lt hg;d"xnfO{ cfkm}n] d'Qm agfpg' xf] / o;sf] 7fp“df c? s'g} klg k4lt nfu" ug{ x'“b}g .

     hg;d"xnfO{ ljZjf; u/, ltgLx?dfly e/ k/ . ltgLx?sf] pT;'stfnfO{ cfb/ u/ . 8/–qf; x6fpm . v}nfa}nfb]lv g8/fpm . cWoIf dfcf]n] xfdLnfO{ eGg'ePsf] 5 ls qmflGt Toltsf] z'4, Tolt ;'zLn, Tolt ;+odL, bofn', lzi6, ;'wf] / dxfTdf aGg ;Sb}g . o; dxfg\ qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ngdf hg;d"xn] lzIff kfpmg\ / sfd ubf{ 7Ls / a]7Ls Pjd\ ;xL / uNtL 5'6\ofpg hfg"g . 7Ls s'/f kQf nufpg 7"nf cIf/] kf]:6/ / 7"nf jfb–ljjfbsf] v"a k|of]u u?g\, o;af6 hg;d"xn] ;xL ljrf/sf] :ki6Ls/0f kfpg ;s"g\ . hgtfn] unt ljrf/sf] cfnf]rgf ug{ ;s"g\ clg ;a} /fIf; / bfgjsf] e08fkmf]/ ug{ ;s"g\ . o;/L hg;d"x ;ª\3if{sf] l;nl;nfdf cfkm\gf] /fhg}lts r]tgf p7fpg ;dy{ x'g]5g\ . cfkm\gf] Ifdtf / af}l4stf a9fpg]5g\ . a]7Lsaf6 7Ls 5'6\ofpg]5 . clg xfdL / zq'aLr ljefhgsf] :ki6 /]vf sf]g]{5g\ .

%= kf6L{sf] juL{o sfo{lbzfnfO{ b[9tfk"j{s nfu" u/M

     xfd|f zq' sf] x'g\ < xfd|f ldq' sf] x'g\ < of] k|Zg qmflGtsf] nflu klxnf] dxŒjsf] 5 / of] k|Zg To;/L g} dxfg\ ;f“:s[lts qmflGtsf] nflu klg klxnf] dxŒjsf] 5 .

     kf6L{ g]t[Tj jfdkGyLnfO{ klxNofpg / jfdkGyLsf] cf]xf]bfnfO{ ljsf; ug{ alnof] agfpg ;Ifd x'g'k5{, kf6L{ g]t[Tjn] qmflGtsf/L jfdkGyLx?dfly b[9tfk"j{s ljZjf; ug'{k5{ . cfGbf]ngdf ;aeGbf a9L k|ltlqmofjfbL blIf0fkGyLx?nfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf PSNofpg], aLrsfnfO{ xftlng] / ax'dt;“u ;ª\ul7t x'g] Ps dfq pkfo oxL xf] . o;/L cfGbf]ngsf] cGtlt/ xfdL (% k|ltzt eGbf a9L sfo{stf{ / (% k|ltzt eGbf a9L hg;d"xnfO{ ;+ul7t kfg{ ;kmn x'g ;sf}+ . d'¶Le/sf cltk|ltlqmofjfbL a'h'{jf blIf0fkGyL / k|ltqmflGtsf/L ;+zf]wgjfbLx?nfO{ k|xf/ ug{ kf6L{lj/f]wL ;dfhjfb / dfcf] T;]–t'ª ljrf/wf/flj/f]wL ck/fw ug]{x?sf] cfnf]rgf / e08fkmf]/ ug{ ;a} zlQm s]lGb|t u/, ltgLx?nfO{ ;s];Dd PSnf] agfpm .

     jt{dfg cfGbf]ngsf] d'Vo tf/f] kf6L{leqsf clwsf/Lx? / k'“hLjfbL af6f] lng]x? ePsf 5g\ .

     kf6L{lj/f]wL, ;dfhjfblj/f]wL, blIf0fkGyLx? / kf6L{ Pjd\ ;dfhjfbnfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ t/ s]xL uNtL u/]sf / uNtL ug]{ v/fa s[ltx? n]v]sf cyjf c? sfd u/]sfx? aLr km/s 5'6\ofpg] sfddf clt ;fjwfgL /fVg'k5{ .

     k|ltlqmofjfbL a'h'{jf / tfgfzfxL ljåfgx? …w'/Gw/ ljåfgx?Ú / ;fwf/0f k'“hLjfbL ljrf/ ePsf hgtfaLr km/s 5'6\ofpg] sfddf clt g} ;fjwfgL /fVg'k5{ .

^= hgtfaLrsf cGt/lj/f]wx?nfO{ ;xL 9ª\un] ;~rfng u/M

     b'O{ km/s lsl;dsf cGt/lj/f]wx?sf aLrsf] leGgtfnfO{ k|i6 ?kdf 5'6\ofpg'k5{ . tL x'g\ hgtfaLrsf] cGt/lj/f]w / xfdL Pjd\ zq'aLrsf] cGt/lj/f]w, hgtfaLrsf] cGt/lj/f]wnfO{ xfdL / zq'aLrsf] cGt/lj/f]w agfOg' x'“b}g, g t zq' / xfdLaLrsf] cGt/lj/f]wnfO{ hgtfaLrsf] cGt/lj/f]wsf] ?kdf n}hfg x'G5 .

     hgtfn] leGg ljrf/wf/f lng' ;fwf/0f s'/f xf] . leGg ljrf/wf/faLr ljjfb x'g'ckl/xfo{, cfjZos / kmfObfhgs x'G5 . ;fwf/0f / k"0f{ jfbljjfbsf] l;nl;nfdf hg;d"xn] s'g s'/f ;xL 5 / s'g s'/f uNtL 5 To;sf] ls6fg ug]{5g\ / lj:tf/k"j{s ;xdltdf k'Ug]5g\ .

     jfb–ljjfbdf k|of]u ul/g] k4lt xf] tYo k]z ug'{, ts{;ª\ut s'/f ug'{ clg ts{åf/f dgfpg' . leGgdt ePsf ;fgf] ;d"xnfO{ em'sfpg] zlQm k|of]u ug]{ k4ltnfO{ 5"6 5}g . ;fgf] ;d"xnfO{ hf]ufpg'k5{ . lsgeg] slxn]sflx+ ;f“rf] s'/f ;fgf] ;d"xdf x'G5 . ;fgf] ;d"xn] uNtL g} u/] klg ltgLx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] s'/f eg]/ cfkm\gf] ljrf/ cem} lnO/fVg lbg'k5{ .

     ha jfb–ljjfb x'G5 To;nfO{ ts{n] ;~rfng ul/g'k5{ / afWo kfg{ / an k|of]u ug{ x'Gg .

     jfb–ljjfbsf] qmddf ;a} qmflGtsf/Ln] cfkm} ljrf/ u/L af]Ng] s'/fdf c;n aGg'k5{ . / ljrf/ ug]{ ;fx;, af]Ng] ;fx; / ts{ ug]{ ;fx; cflb ;fDojfbL efjgfsf] ljsf; ug'{k5{ . ts{;ª\ut s'/fsf] af/]df ltgLx?sf] Pp6} cfdlbzf xf];\ eg]/ qmflGtsf/L sfd/]8x?n] Pstf dha't kfg{sf nflu uf}0f ljifodf cGtxLg jfbljjfb TofUg'k5{ .

&= qmflGtsf/L hg;d"xnfO{ k|ltqmflGtsf/Lsf] dfsf{ nfpg]x?af6 ;ts{ xf]pmM

     s'g} ljBfnox?, OsfOx? / ;f“:s[lts qmflGtsf sfd ug]{ 6f]nLx?df Toxf“sf s]xL k|d'v JolQmx?n] pgLx?sf cfnf]rgf u/L 7"nf kf}:6/ 6f“:g] hg;d"xsf lj?4 k|Tofqmd0f ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . oL JolQmx?n] o:tf] gf/f klg cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\– …s'g} OsfO jf sfd ug]{ 6f]nL g]tfsf] lj/f]w ug'{sf] cy{ kf6L{ s]Gb|Lo sld6Lsf] lj/f]w ug'{ xf] . kf6L{ / ;dfhjfbsf] lj/f]w ug'{ xf] . k|ltqmflGt xf] .Ú o;/L ltgLx?sf] d'Ssf s]xL ;Rrf qmflGtsf/L ;lqmo sfo{stf{x?dfly kg]{ s'/f lglZrt 5 . of] uNtL lbzflgwf{/0f ;DaGwL uNtL xf], sfo{lbzf ;DaGwL uNtL xf], o;nfO{ s'g} xfntdf 5'6 lbg ;lsGg .

     s]xL JolQmx? h;n] uDeL/ j}rfl/s e"naf6 b'Mv kfPsf 5g\ ltgn] vf; u/L s]xL kf6L{ lj/f]wL / ;dfhjfblj/f]wL blIf0fkGyLx?n] xNnf lkm+hfpg / ukm ug{ jf s'/f sf6\g cfGbf]ngdf ePsf sdhf]/Lx? / e"n–lj/fdaf6 kmfObf p7fO/x]sf 5g\, ckmjfx km}nfO/x]sf 5g\ / xNnf dRrfO/x]sf 5g\ . s]xL hg;d'bfonfO{ hfgfhfgL …k|ltqmflGtsf/Lx?Ú egL 5fk nufO/x]sf 5g\ . o:tf …aunLdf/fx?Ú ;“u xf]l;of/ x'g' cfjZos 5 / pgLx?sf] …l6l/sÚsf] ;dodf g} e08fkmf]/ ug'{k5{ . cfGbf]ngsf] l;nl;nfdf rsf{ k|ltqmflGtsf/Lx?sf] d'2f dfldnf afx]s -hxf“ xTof, cfuf] nufpg], ljif xfNg], xl/tfn xfNg]– afwf c8\rg lbg] / /fHosf] uf]kgLotf rf]g]{ h:tf ck/fwsf] k|i6 k|df0f 5 ltgsf]_ ;~rfng sfg'gadf]lhd ug'{k5{ . cfGbf]ngsf] l;nl;nfdf p7]sf ;d:ofx?sf sf/0fn] s'g} ljZjljBfno, dxfljBfno, lgDg dfWolds ljBfno / k|fOd/L ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x? pk/ s'g} klg sfjf{xL ug'{ x'“b}g .