/fhtGq, u0ftGq, hgu0ftGq / dlxnfd'lStsf] k|Zg

– lxl;nf odL

ljifo k|j]z

clxn] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf cfPsf] ;+s6nfO{ s'g ljlwaf6 ;aeGbf cu|ufdL /fhg}lts lgsf; lbg] eGg] ljifonfO{ lnP/ b]zel/ rrf{ rln/x]sf] 5 . dlxnf d'lStsf] k|Zg /fHo;Qfl;t k|ToIf hf]l8Psf] cj:yfdf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f h:tf] /0fg}lts, bL3{sfnLg dxTjsf] ljifodf dlxnfx?sf] rf;f] x'g' :jefljs dfq geP/ slt cfjZos ljifo xf] . cem g]kfnh:tf] b]z hxf“ ;s[o /fhtGq 5, h;sf] blIf0fdf ljzfn ef/tdf u0ftGq 5 / h;sf] pQ/df ljzfn rLgdf hgu0ftGq 5, o:tf] cj:yfdf g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+s6af6 d'St kfpgsf] nflu s:tf] /fhg}lts lgsf; Nofpg' kb{5 eGg] ljifonfO{ lnP/ /fhtGq, u0ftGq / hgu0ftGqsf] ljwfgn] dlxnfnfO{ s] slt c;/ kfb{5 eGg] ljifodf rrf{ x'g' h?/L 5 .

/fhtGq / dlxnfd'lStsf] k|ZgM

/fhtGq eg]sf] Psn g]t[Tj -monolithic_ ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf xf], h;df /fhf g} ;jf{]kl/ clwgfos ;DkGg JolSt x'G5 . hxf“ /fHo;Qfsf] ;aeGbf dxTjk"0f{ lg0ff{os c+u ;]gf p;sf] cwLgdf x'G5  . of] Ps j+z -g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df zfx j+z_, Ps hflt -If]qL_, Ps wd{ -lxGb' wd{_, Ps efiff -g]kfnL_, Ps ln+u -k'?if_, Ps pd]/ -Ho]i7 pd]/_, Ps ju{ -clehft_, Ps bn -;+;bnfO{ lgif]w ug{] bn_ / Ps If]q -b'u{d If]qnfO{ pk]Iff ug{}_ df cfwfl/t 5 . /fhtGqsf] Psn ;+/rgfn] ubf{ g} Tof] Joj:yf k/Dk/fjfbL, ?9LjfbL / ckl/jt{gLo ;+/rgfdf kml;/xg ljjz x'G5 h;n] ubf{ ;dfhsf] ultdf Tof] cj/f]ws alglbG5 . kmn:j?k /fhtGq lj1fg ljkl/t x'g hfG5 / wd{sf] ;+/If0fdf hfg ljjz x'G5 . ctM hxf“ hxf“ /fhtGq lhljt 5 Toxf“ Toxf“sf /fhf wd{sf] ;+/Ifs aGgk'Ub5g\ .

jf:tjdf /fhtGqsf] oxL Psn ;+/rgf, To;sf] ?9LjfbL, k/Dk/fjfbL, ckl/jt{gLo wfld{s rl/q g} dlxnf d'lStsf] afws aGg k'Ub5 . k'?if ln+udf cfwfl/t ;+/rgfn] ubf{ /fhf ;fdGtL lkt[;Qfsf] ;:yfks / k'?if k|wfgsf] k|lts aGg k'Ub5g\ . o;n] cfwf wtL{ cf]u6g] dlxnfnfO{ ue{af6 g} g]t[Tj k|bfg ug{] x}l;otaf6 lgif]w ul/lbG5 . xfd|f] h:tf] JolStut ;DklQdf cfwfl/t ;dfhdf g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; k|ToIf pTkfbg zlStdfly s;sf] lgoGq0f x'G5, To;df cfwfl/t x'g] ub{5 . oxf“sf] /fhtGqn] k'?ifnfO{ ue{b]lv g} lgzt{ k}t[s;DklQsf] dflns agfP/ k|To]s kl/jf/sf] g]t[Tj ug{] x}l;ot :yflkt ul/lbG5 . ha ls dlxnfnfO{ k}t[s ;DklQaf6 al~rt u/]/ g]t[Tj k|bfg ug{] x}l;ot vf]lnlbG5 . To:t} /fhtGqdf /fhf / /fhkl/jf/ sfg"geGbf dfly x'g] ePsfn] o;n] k|ToIf jf k/f]If ?kdf lkt[;QfTds ;+:sf/x?nfO{ sfg"geGbf dfly /fVg] Jojxf/ :yflkt ul/lbG5 . h:t} cg'lrt of}g ;DaGw / ue{ktgdf a9L bf]ifL dlxnfnfO{ 7x/fP/ j;f{} jif{;Dd h]nleq s}b u/fOG5 .. hals ToxL ck/fwsf] efu]bf/L k'?if km/f/ /xG5 . nf]Ug]n] hlt :jf:gL NofP klg pm abgfd gx'g], p;sf] ;DklQ Ho"“sf To"“ /xg] . ha ls ljjflxt dlxnf csf{];“u uPdf pgL abgfd dfq geP/ g 3/sf] g3f6sf] x'g] †

/fhtGq hftLo, wfld{s, eflifs, ln+uLo, juL{o, zf]if0fnfO{ ;+:yfut u/fpg] Joj:yf ePsf]n] o;n] dlxnfsf] k|hgg zlStdfly lgoGq0f ug{] ljz]if rf;f] lnG5 . sf/0f, dlxnfsf] k|hgg zlStn] g} oL ljleGg zf]if0fx?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf / ;'/Iff lbg] ub{5 . ctM wd{sf] cf8df dlxnfnfO{ , ;Ltf, ;lt–;flaqL, kfj{tL aGg k|]l/t ub{5 . of] ljz]if u/L /fhkl/jf/sf] vfgbfgdf rNg] ljjfx k4ltdf b]vf kb{5 . hxf“ cfºgf] j+z, hftL, wd{, ju{ aflx/sf] ljjfxnfO{ k"/} lgif]w ul/G5 .. o;/L dlxnfsf] klxrfg pgsf] Ifdtf, pTkfbg zlStsf] cfwf/df eGbf klg pgL slQsf] kljq, rf]vf] l5g\ To;sf] cfwf/df d"Nofs+g x'G5 .

oxf“ a'‰g' kg{] s'/f s] xf] eg] /fhtGqnfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/ agfPsf] ;+ljwfgdf slxn] klg cfd hgtfsf] ;xeflutf u/fOb}g\ ctM Toxf“ zf]lift–kLl8t dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutfsf] k|Zg g} p7\b}g . Toxf“ /fhfåf/f r'lgPsf k|ltlglwx?n] cfof]usf] dfWodaf6 ;+ljwfg agfp“5g\ h;sf] d"n p2]Zo ;fdGtL ;+/rgfnfO{ s;/L ;'b[9, ;'/lIft / ;'udg ug{]lt/ s]lGb|t x'G5 . o;sf] csf{] ljz]iftf o;n] ;+ljwfgdf s]xL ckl/jt{gLo wf/fx? /flvlbG5 h;n] ubf{ /fhfsf] ljz]if clwsf/ ;'/lIft xf];\ . ctM o:tf] ;+ljwfg ultzLn geP/ ;dfhsf] ultdf afws aGg k'Ub5 . g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+s6 o;}sf] pkh xf] .

u0ftGq / dlxnfd'lStsf] k|Zg

/fhtGqn] ;fdGtL pTkfbg k|0ffnLsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 eg] u0ftGqn] k"“hLjfbL pTkfbg k|0ffnLsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . ctM u0ftGq /fhtGq eGbf cu|ufdL ;+/rgf xf] . sf/0f, o;n] sd;]sd b]zsf] g]t[Tj rog ubf{ ;fdGtL ;+:s[ltdf cfwfl/t s'g} ljz]if j+z, hftL, wd{, ln+u, cfo'sf] cfwf/df :yflkt gu/]/ zLk, Ifdtf / k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df lgwf{l/t ul/lbG5 . oBlk Tof] Ifdtf ;dfg cfly{s, ;fdflhs w/ftnaf6 gcfp“bf Jojxf/tM Tof] x'g] vfg] ju{af6 g} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . t;y{ o;n] c;dfgx? aLrdf ;dfg k|lt:kwf{ u/fpg] cf}krfl/s k|hftGq dfq NofOlbG5 . /fhtGqn] t Tof] klg u/fOlbGg . o; cy{df of] /fhtGq eGbf ?kdf a9L ax'bnLo, ax'eflifs, ax'ln+uLo, ax'If]qLo, ax'cfoflds / ljs]lGb|s[t x'G5 . dlxnf d'lQm cfd d'lQm;+u uf“l;Psf]n] ubf{ u0ftGqdf dlxnfx?n] a9L clwsf/x? sfg'gtM kfp“5g\ . o;sf] k|ToIf cleJolQm k}t[s ;DklQdfly pgLx?sf] sfg"gtM xs :yflkt x'g'df b]lvG5 . oBlk of] clwsf/ clwsf+z zf]lift–kLl8t dlxnfx?n] ef]Ug gkfP klg ;Lldt x'g]vfg] ju{sf dlxnfx?n] pkef]u ug{ kfPsf x'G5g\ .

u0ftGq wd{ lg/k]If x'g] ePsf]n] dlxnfdfly ;+:yfut wfld{s rfk k|ToIf kb{}g . ctM To; dlxnfnfO{ pgsf] wd{, j+z, ju{sf] jfxs agfpg] ;fdGtL 3]/faf6 d'lSt kfpg] jftfj/0f tof/ kfl/lbG5 .. kmn:j?k dlxnfsf] ;+;f/ ljzfn, ax'cfoflds / ax'd"No agfpg] jftfj/0f agfOlbG5 t/ o;n] k/Dk/fjfbL, ?9LjfbL wfld{s cjz]ifx? sfg"gtM aGb]h nufpg' vf]Hbf vf]Hb} klg o;nfO{ Jojxf/df ank"j{ lgif]w u/fpg' c;dy{ x'G5, ljz]if u/L tL Jojxf/x? hf] zf]ifs ju{sf] kIfdf x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu bx]h lng', cgd]n ljjfx, afn ljjfxnfO{ sfg"gt ck/fw 7fGb5 t/ Jojxf/df Tolt nufpg ;Sb}g .

u0ftGqfTds ;+ljwfg ;fk]lIft ?kdf a9L k|hftflGqs ePsf]n] ubf{ o;sf] lgdf{0fsf] k|s[of klg ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 x'G5 . ;+ljwfgsf] r'gfjdf cfd hgtfsf] ;xeflutf x'G5 ctM Toxf“ dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutf klg x'G5 . u0ftflGqs ;fk]lIfs ;an kIf s] xf] eg] o;df s'g} ckl/jt{gLo cjwf/0ff s'g} ljlzi6 JolQmsf] nflu /flvGg . kmn:j?k Tof] a9L ultzLn x'G5 .

hgu0ftGq / dlxnf d'lQmsf] k|Zg

u0ftGqn] a'h{'jf k"“hLjfbL pTkfbg k|0ffnLsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 eg] hgu0ftGqn] ;dfhjfb pGd'v /fli6«o k"“hLjfbL pTkfbg k|0ffnLsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . o;n] u0ftGqcGtu{tsf] cf}krfl/s k|hftGq, sf'ggL clwsf/x?, Jojxf/df nfu" ug{] c;nL k|hftGq, lqmofzLn clwsf/x?df kl/0ft u/fOlbG5 . cyf{t\ o;n] c;dfg ju{leq c;dfg lgod sfg"g agfP/ cfd zf]lift kLl8t, lk5l8Psf hghflt, ln+u, If]qnfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGg u/fp“5 . o;n] ubf{ dlxnfx?n] u0ftGq cGtu{t cf}krfl/s ?kdf kfPsf ;a} clwsf/x? hgu0ftGqcGtu{t Jojxf/t pkef]u ug{ kfp“5g\ . To:t} pgsf] :j]R5f lj?4sf] ljjfxnfO{ ck/fw dfg]/ To:tf] ljjfxnfO{ e+u u/fOlbG5 . To:t} ljjfx eGbf aflx/ hGd]sf ;Gtfgn] ljjfxleq hGd]sf ;Gtfg ;/x clwsf/ kfp“5g\ . kf/kfr's]sf] dfdnfdf dlxnfsf] dtnfO{ k|fyldstf lbG5 . hgu0ftGqdf dlxnfnfO{ k'?ifsf] ljsf;sf] xf/fxf/Ldf Nofpgsf] nflu ljz]if ;'ljwfx? lbPsf x'G5g\ . h:t} nfdf] ;'Ts]/L ljbf, ;fd"lxs afn:ofxf/ s]Gb|, ;fd"lxs hnkfg u[xh:tf Joj:yf ul/lbG5 . lzIff, pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf ltgLx?sf] ;xeflutfdf ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] x'G5 . kmn:j?k dlxnf / k'?if aLrdf x'“b} cfPsf] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s >dsf cGt/lj/f]wx? sd x'“b} hfcf];\ . o;/L o;n] juL{o cfwf/df rNg] c;dfgtfx?nfO{ c;dfg lgodx? dfkm{t c;dfgtfx? ld6fpg] sfd ub{5 . o;n] ;fdGtL, ;fd|fHojfbL ju{sf k|ltlglwx?nfO{ /fHo ;+rfngaf6 lgif]w u/fP/ af“sL ;dfg w/ftndf pleg] hg;d'bfoaLr k|lt:kwf{ rnfp“5 .. o;/L juL{o, hftLo If]qLo, lnuL+o k|ltlglwTj x'g] …hg k|ltlglw ;efÚsf] r'gfjdfkm{t hgu0ftflGqs ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ul/G5 .

pk;+xf/

dlxnfd'lSt cfd hgtfsf] d'lStl;t uf“l;Psf] x'gfn] h'g ;+ljwfgn] cfd hgtfsf] ;xeflutf, cfsf+IffnfO{ kl/k"lt{ u/fp“5, ToxL ;+ljwfgn] dlxnf xs clwsf/x? ;'/lIft u/fp“5 . clxn] g]kfn k|zj kL8fsf] cj:yfdf 5 . oxf“ tLgy/L zlStx?n] tLgy/L ;+ljwfg Nofpg] k|of; eO/x]sf] 5 . Psflt/ k|ltufdL zlQmn] k/Dk/fut, /fli6«otf, wd{sf] ;+/Ifssf] gfddf ;s[o /fhtGqnfO{ s]Gb|laGb' agfP/ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f jf ljBdfg ;+ljwfgdf k|ltufdL ;'wf/x? NofP/ /fhfnfO{ cem ;'b[9 dhj"t agfpg vf]lh/fv]sf] 5 . csf{]lt/ oyfl:yltjfbL ;f]+r /fVg] ;+;bLo bnx?n] d[t cj:yfdf k'lu;s]sf] …;+j}wflgs /fhtGqÚ nfO{ k'g{hLljt agfP/ k|hftGqnfO{ /fhfsf] ;+/If0fdf km:6fpg] s'/f ul//fv]sf] 5 . csf{]lt/ gof“ pbLodfg ;j{xf/f ju{sf] k|ltlglwTj ug{] g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ zlQm 5 h;n] cfºgf] ;dfhjfbL nIo hgu0ftflGqs ;+ljwfgnfO{ g]kfnsf] ljlzi6 l:yltnfO{ dWogh/ /fVb} xfn :ylut u/L To;sf] 7fp“df k"“hLjfbL u0ftGqsf] jsfnt ub{}5 .

oxf“gL/ ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqnfO{ dfGg] ;+;bLo kf6L{n] s] a'‰g' kb{5 eg] oxf“sf] ;fdGtL gfosn] af/Daf/ of] jf Tof] cfof]usf] gfddf /fhfnfO{ g} lg0ff{os zlSt agfp“b} cfPsf] Oltxf; ;fIfL 5 .. rfx] Tof] h+uaxfb'/sf] !(!) ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg xf];\ rfx] Tof] @))& ;fnsf] cGtl/d ;/sf/, @)!% ;fnsf] …;+;bLoÚ ;+ljwfg, @)!( ;fnsf] k+rfotL ;+ljwfg, @)$& ;fnsf] …;+j}wflgsÚ /fhtGqsf] ;+ljwfg xf];\ . t;y{ casf] ;+s6sf] lgsfz eg]sf] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] dfWodaf6 x'g;Sb5 . sf/0f ljut & jif{sf] hgo'4sf] bf}/fgdf xfl;n u/]sf] /fhg}lts / ;}lgs pknlAwcGtu{t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ jt{dfg ;+s6u|:t /fHo;Qfl;t ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ;DalGw jftf{df cfPsf] 5 . t;y{ oxf“ Psflt/ k|ltudg, e"tk"j{nfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug{] ;]gf;lxtsf] /fhtGq 5 csf{]lt/ cu+|ufdL, eljionfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug{] ;]gf;lxtsf] u0ftGqfTds jsfnt ug{] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ 5 . oL b'O{ ;]gf, b'O{ ;Qfsf] aLrdf ;+;bLo bnx? 5g\ h;n] dWojtL{ tKsfnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . t;y{ o;n] s'g zlQmnfO{ ;fy lbG5 To;}sf] cfwf/df ;+ljwfg aG5 .

oxL+lg/ cfwf cfsfz, cfwf wtL{ cf]u6\g] zf]lift kLl8t dlxnfx?n] /fhtGq jf u0ftGq eGg] k|Zgdf uxg rf;f] lng' h?/L x'G5 . / g]kfnnfO{ !^ cf}+ ztfAbLsf] dWoo'uLg cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg] jf @! cf}+ ztfAbLsf] j}1flgs, cu|ufdL o'udf k'¥ofpg] lhDdf tkfOx?sf] xftdf 5 .